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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

The Nucleus Contains what ?

A

genetic info needed for replication

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2
Q

2 Main Functions of the Mitochondria

A
  1. site of metabolic processes
  2. ATP production
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3
Q

7 Metabolic Processes the Mitochondria is Involved in

A
  1. pyruvate dehydrogenase
  2. citric acid cycle
  3. ETC
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
  5. B-oxidation
  6. parts of gluconeogenesis
  7. urea cycle
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4
Q

Lysosomes

A

are membrane-bound with hydrolytic enzymes that break down substrates

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5
Q

Describe the Structure of the Rough ER

A

interconnected membranous structure with ribosomes studding the outside

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6
Q

Function of the Rough ER

A

site of protein synthesis for proteins destined for insertion into a membrane or secretion

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7
Q

Describe the Structure of the Smooth ER

A

interconnected membranous structure

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8
Q

2 Functions of the Smooth ER

A
  1. lipid synthesis
  2. detoxification
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9
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

membrane-bound sacs where post translational protein modifications occur

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10
Q

Peroxisomes Contain what ?

A

hydrogen peroxide

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11
Q

Function of Perixosomes

A

site of B-oxidation of long chain fatty acids

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12
Q

Basis of the Fluid Mosaic Model

A

phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and embedded proteins

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13
Q

Exterior of the Phospholipid Bilayer

A

hydrophilic phosphate head groups

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14
Q

Interior of the Phospholipid Bilayer

A

hydrophobic fatty acid tails

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15
Q

3 Tenets to the Original Cell Theory

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells
  2. cell is the basic unit of life
  3. cells arise from preexisting cells
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16
Q

Advancements in what Field Introduced a 4th Tenet to the Cell Theory ?

A

molecular biology

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17
Q

What is the Added 4th Tenet to the Original Cell Theory ?

A

cells carry genetic info in the form of DNA that is passed to daughter cells

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18
Q

Where are Membrane-Bound Organelles Found ?

A

eukaryotes

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19
Q

Prokaryotes Lack a what ?

A

a nucleus

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20
Q

How are Prokaryotes Classified ?

A

by shape

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21
Q

3 Prokaryotic Shapes

A
  1. cocci - spherical
  2. bacilli - rod-like
  3. spirilli - spiral
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22
Q

What Forms the Cell Envelope in Prokaryotes ?

A

is formed from the cell wall and cell membrane

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23
Q

2 Prokaryotic Classifications Based on the Cell Envelope

A
  1. gram positive
  2. gram negative
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24
Q

Gram Positive Prokaryotes

A

thick peptidoglycan layers in the envelope

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25
Q

Gram Negative Prokaryotes

A

thin peptidoglycan layers with lipopolysaccharides

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26
Q

How do All Prokaryotes Divide ?

A

by binary fission

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27
Q

Eukaryotic Flagella Contain what ?

A

a basal body that serves as the engine for motion

28
Q

Basis of Binary Fission

A

circular chromosome replicates and attaches to the cell wall, plasma membrane/cell wall grow along the midline and divide to form daughter cells

29
Q

Mitosis Produces what ?

A

2 identical daughter cells

30
Q

4 Stages of Cell Division

A
  1. G1 - cell increases its organelles/cytoplasm
  2. S - DNA replication
  3. G2 - same as G1
  4. M - cell divides in 2
31
Q

What is Part of the Ectoderm ?

A

nervous system, epidermis, lens of the eye, inner ear

32
Q

What is Part of the Endoderm ?

A

lining of the digestive tract, lungs, liver, pancreas

33
Q

What is Part of the Mesoderm ?

A

muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, gonads, kidney

34
Q

3 Important Features to Meiosis I

A
  1. 2 pairs of sister chromatids form tetrads during prophase 1
  2. crossing over leads to genetic recombination in prophase 1
  3. homologous chromosomes separate during metaphase 1
35
Q

In which Phase of Meiosis 1 are Tetrads Formed ?

A

prophase 1

36
Q

When does Crossing Over Occur in Sexual Reproduction ?

A

prophase 1

37
Q

Meiosis II is Identical to what Process ?

A

mitosis just without the replication

38
Q

4 Stages of Early Development

A
  1. cleavage
  2. implantation
  3. gastrulation
  4. neurulation
39
Q

Cleavage in Early Development

A

is mitotic divisions

40
Q

Implantation in Early Development

A

embryo implants during the blastula stage

41
Q

Gastrulation in Early Development

A

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm form

42
Q

Neurulation in Early Development

A

germ layers develop a nervous system

43
Q

7 Roles of the Liver in Homeostasis

A
  1. gluconeogenesis
  2. processing of nitrogenous wastes {urea}
  3. detoxification of wastes/chemicals/drugs
  4. storage of iron and vitamin A
  5. synthesis of bile/blood proteins
  6. B-oxidation of fatty acids to ketones
  7. interconversion of carbohydrates, fats, amino acids
44
Q

5 Layers of the Epidermis

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basalis
45
Q

3 Main Processes of Osmoregulation

A
  1. filtration
  2. secretion
  3. reabsorption
46
Q

Where does Filtration Occur in Osmoregulation ?

A

at the glomerulus where filtrate passes through passively

47
Q

Is Filtration at the Glomerulus Passive or Active ?

A

is passive

48
Q

3 Main Substances that are Secreted during Osmoregulation

A
  1. acids
  2. bases
  3. ions
    they are secreted from interstitial fluid to filtrate
49
Q

Where are Substances Secreted during Osmoregulation ?

A

from interstitial fluid to filtrate

50
Q

3 Main Goals of Secretion in Osmoregulation

A
  1. maintain pH
  2. maintain [K]
  3. maintain [waste]
51
Q

Basis of Reabsorption in Osmoregulation

A

essential substances/water flow from filtrate into blood

52
Q

What Enables Reabsorption in Osmoregulation ?

A

is enabled by the osmolarity gradient and selective permeability of the walls

53
Q

Is Secretion Passive or Active in Osmoregulation ?

A

has passive and active parts

54
Q

Is Reabsorption Passive or Active in Osmoregulation ?

A

has passive and active parts

55
Q

What does Aldosterone Stimulate ?

A

Na/water reabsorption

56
Q

Aldosterone is Secreted by what ?

A

adrenal cortex

57
Q

Aldosterone is Secreted in Response to what ?

A

low blood pressure

58
Q

Aldosterone is Regulated by what System ?

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

59
Q

What is the Other Name for ADH ?

A

vasopressin

60
Q

ADH Mechanism

A

increase the collecting duct’s permeability to water to increase water reabsorption

61
Q

ADH is Released by what ?

A

by the posterior pituitary

62
Q

ADH is Released in Response to what ?

A

to high blood osmolarity

63
Q

2 Things Regulated by the Kidneys

A
  1. blood osmolarity
  2. blood volume
64
Q

What is the Functional Unit of the Kidney ?

65
Q

Describe the Ion Gradient in the Kidneys

A

ion gradient increases down the loop of Henle

66
Q

What Substance is Actively Transported Out of the Loop of Henle ?

Quicksheets (2 decks)

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