BIOLOGY

Question 1

How do mutations alter proteins?

Answer 1

• By changing the order of nucleotides
• By altering the sequence of amino acids

Question 2

What distinguishes point mutations from frameshift mutations?

Answer 2

Point mutations change one single nucleotide, while frameshift mutations can cause a shift in
the reading frame.

Question 3

How do frameshift mutations impact protein
synthesis?

Answer 3

They cause premature termination

Question 4

What happens to the amino acid sequence of a
protein when a mutation occurs?

Answer 4

It is altered

Question 5

How can mutations affect an organism’s survival and health?

Answer 5

Mutations can have both positive and negative
effects.

Question 6

What role do mutations play in driving evolution and adaptation?

Answer 6

They create unique traits.

Question 7

What are fossils?

Answer 7

Traces of ancient organisms.

Question 8

Where are the instructions for building proteins stored?

Answer 8

In genes (DNA).

Question 9

Which concept relates to the similarity between the wings of bats and the arms of primates?

Answer 9

Homology

Question 10

What do vestigial structures show about some
anatomical features?

Answer 10

They have lost their original function due to
environmental changes.

Question 11

What do homologous structures in different species suggest?

Answer 11

They share a common ancestor.

Question 12

Who proposed the idea that acquired traits could be inherited?

Answer 12

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Question 13

According to the theory of evolution, what will
happen to giraffes’ necks over time?

Answer 13

They will gradually elongate.

Question 14

What process accounts for gradual adaptations over generations?

Answer 14

Natural selection

Question 15

How did Lamarck’s view on acquired traits differ from Darwin’s?

Answer 15

Lamarck believed acquired traits could be
inherited, while Darwin rejected this idea.

Question 16

Which concept explains gradual adaptations over generations?

Answer 16

Natural selection

Question 17

If explaining giraffe neck adaptations, which theory would focus on gradual changes over time?

Answer 17

Natural selection

Question 18

How does species diversity contribute to adaptive traits?

Answer 18

It allows for a wider range of genetic variations.

Question 19

What does species richness ensure during
disturbances?

Answer 19

Redundancy

Question 20

What benefit does high plant species richness
provide for animals?

Answer 20

Abundant food sources

Question 21

How does high species diversity contribute to the stability of an ecosystem?

Answer 21

It ensures redundancy and resilience

Question 22

What does biodiversity refer to?

Answer 22

The variety of life forms in an ecosystem

Question 23

What does the term “carrying capacity” represent?

Answer 23

The maximum population size an environment
can support

Question 24

Why can’t populations grow indefinitely?

Answer 24

Finite resources and environmental constraints

Question 25

How does high plant species richness benefit animals?

Answer 25

Abundant food sources

Question 26

What is the primary role of progesterone in the female reproductive system?

Answer 26

Enhancing uterine lining growth

Question 27

Which organ is responsible for producing sperm in males?

Answer 27

Testes

Question 28

What is the function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?

Answer 28

Producing eggs (ova)

Question 29

What does “ovulation dysfunction” refer to?

Answer 29

Irregular or absent ovulation

Question 30

What impact can changes in estrogen levels have on the female reproductive system?

Answer 30

Irregular menstrual cycles

Question 31

What effect can changes in testosterone levels have on sperm production and quality?

Answer 31

- Increased sperm count - Enhanced sperm motility - Reduced sperm quality

Question 32

What impact does low estrogen and progesterone levels have on the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland?

Answer 32

Enhances FSH secretion

Question 33

What impact does low estrogen and progesterone levels have on the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland?

Answer 33

Enhances FSH secretion

Question 34

What is the primary role of feedback mechanisms in coordinating ovarian follicle development, ovulation, and uterine lining preparation?

Answer 34

Coordinating hormonal changes

Question 35

What is the primary role of feedback mechanisms in coordinating ovarian follicle development, ovulation, and uterine lining preparation?

Answer 35

Coordinating hormonal changes

Question 36

What do sensory receptors primarily detect?

Answer 36

Light and sound from the external environment

Question 37

Which of the following accurately describes the central nervous system (CNS)?

Answer 37

It processes sensory input and initiates responses.

Question 38

What do receptors inside the body primarily detect?

Answer 38

- Changes in temperature - Levels of various electrolytes - Variations in carbon dioxide concentration

Question 39

What is the primary function of neurotransmitter release in communication between neurons?

Answer 39

Transmitting electrical impulses

Question 40

How does the nervous system respond to changes in internal temperature?

Answer 40

- By releasing hormones - By activating sweat glands - By constricting blood vessels - By adjusting heart rate

Question 41

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is associated with the “fight or flight” response?

Answer 41

Sympathetic

Question 42

What is the primary function of the nervous system in safeguarding internal stability?

Answer 42

Maintaining homeostasis

Question 43

What is the primary role of mRNA in the cell?

Answer 43

Encoding genetic information

Question 44

Which cellular component is responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

Answer 44

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Question 45

How does mRNA contribute to altering the sequence of amino acids in a protein?

Answer 45

By specifying the order of amino acids during translation

Question 46

How can changes in mRNA levels affect gene expression?

Answer 46

By inhibiting translation

Question 47

What consequence can decreased transcription of specific genes have on protein production?

Answer 47

- Reduced protein diversity - Impaired protein function

Question 48

What potential consequence can arise from altering the instructions in mRNA?

Answer 48

Disruption of protein production

Question 49

Why might proteins not function correctly?

Answer 49

Altered DNA sequence

Question 50

What do mutations primarily affect?

Answer 50

Protein composition