biology Flashcards
what are the 4 hormones involved in the menstrual cycle
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Progesterone, Oestrogen
what are 2 hormones are secreted by the ovaries during menstruation and what do they do
Progesterone (maintains lining of uterus and stops menstruation) , Oestrogen (inhibits FSH and makes lining of uterus thicker for implantation)
what are 2 hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland during menstruation and what do they do
Follicle Stimulating Hormone/FSH (stimulates growth and maturation of eggs for release), Luteinizing Hormone/LH (stimulates the release of an egg and amount of eggs released)
where are FSH and LH secreted from
pituitary gland
what does the hypothalamus do
regulates the secretion of hormones controlling body temperature, heart rate and hunger
what is homeostasis
the maintenance of a constant internal environment
give 3 examples of homeostasis
body temperature, blood-glucose, water levels
what organ secretes insulin
the pancreas as it monitors your blood-glucose levels
what does insulin do
reduces blood-glucose levels by allowing glucose into cells so it can be converted into glycogen and to get it out of the bloodstream
what 2 hormones that are secreted by the pancreas affect the blood-glucose levels
insulin (decreases it) and glucagon (increases it)
what does glucagon do
converts glycogen (stored glucose in cells) back into glucose in the bloodstream
what is bad about sustained high blood-glucose levels
it can cause diabetes, damage small blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to cells, and damage nerve cells making it harder for them to carry signals to the brain
what is a disease caused by sustained high blood-glucose levels
diabetes (type 1 or 2)
what is the difference between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes and how are they controlled
type 1- where the blood-glucose levels are at a sustained high due to the pancreas not creating enough insulin. this is the type that can be genetic and is not due to an unhealthy lifestyle
type 2- When the cells in someone’s body no longer respond to their own insulin produced by the pancreas as the result of an unhealthy lifestyle. More common in older and overweight people. Controlled by eating a diet low in in carbohydrates and doing regular exercise
why is homeostasis important
to keep enzymes in body at optimal temperature so that the body can function at the best level possible and so that cells can function properly
what are the two types of internal responses
nervous responses and chemical responses
pathway of reflexes in nervous system (reflex arc)
Stimulus- change in temperature, sound, light, chemicals, touch and pain
Receptors- receptor cells that detect a stimulus
Sensory neurons- takes the signal toward the CNS
Relay neurons- (in CNS) takes signal to the brain from the spinal chord
Motor neurons- takes electrical impulse to the effector
Effector- muscle/gland completing the reflex motion/secretion
what two things make up the Central nervous system
The brain and spinal chord
what are the two parts of the nervous system
CNS (Central Nervous System) consisting of brain and spine, and PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) consisting of all the other ‘branches’ of nerves
what are the things around a nerve cell that increase the speed of electrical impulse transport
Myelin sheath. Surrounds the thin stick of the nerve cell which is called an axon
what are the 3 types of neurones and what do they do
Sensory neurones- These are specialized to gather and carry sensory information towards the central nervous system
Motor neurones- These terminate on muscles and they’re how you move your body. These carry signals away from your central nervous system. They’re also responsible for the fight or flight response working, like slowing your intestines
Relay neurones- Like the name suggests, these help the sensory neurones and motor neurones communicate. So, they’re found mainly in the brain and spine
how are hormones transported
Endocrine glands make chemicals called hormones and pass them straight into the bloodstream
what are the seven glands that secrete hormones
The Thyroid Gland, The Pituitary Gland, The Hypothalamus, The Pancreas, The Adrenal Glands, The Ovaries, and The Testes
what hormones are secreted by The Testes
Testosterone which effects puberty and the production of sperm
what hormones are secreted by The Ovaries
Progesterone (maintains lining of uterus and stops menstruation) , Oestrogen (inhibits FSH and makes lining of uterus thicker for implantation)
what hormones are secreted by The Adrenal Glands
Adrenaline which increases things like heart rate, breathing rate and blood flow to your muscle due to the ‘flight or fight’ response
what hormones are secreted by The Pancreas
Insulin which reduces blood-glucose levels
what hormones are secreted by The Pituitary Gland
Follicle Stimulating Hormone/FSH (stimulates growth and maturation of eggs for release), Luteinizing Hormone/LH (stimulates the release of an egg and amount of eggs released) and anti-diuretic hormone/ADH which affects the kidneys and controls the water levels in blood
what hormones are secreted by The Thyroid Gland
Thyroxine which regulates temperature, heart rate and the rate of metabolism
