Biology Flashcards
1
Q
Nucleiod Region
A
DNA region in prokaryotes
2
Q
Nucleolus facts (3)
A
Makes ribosomes
Sits in nucleus
No membrane
3
Q
Peroxisomes
A
Collect and break down material
4
Q
Rough ER
A
Accept mRNA to make proteins
5
Q
Smooth ER
A
Detox and make lipids
6
Q
Golgi Apparatus
A
Modify/distribute proteins
7
Q
Vesicular Transport (methods and directions)
A
COPII —> Forward
COPI <— Return
8
Q
Cisternal Maturation (3)
A
Vesicles travel in retrograde
New Cis made
Cis/Medial/Trans/Exit
9
Q
Peroxisomes
A
Collect and break down material
10
Q
Centrioles
A
9 groups of microtubules, pull chromosomes apart
11
Q
Lysosomes (3)
A
- Demo & Recycling center
- Made by Golgi
- Single Membrane
12
Q
Plasmids (2)
A
- In prokaryotes
- Carry DNA not necessary for survival
13
Q
What is the shape of bacilli bacteria?
A
Rod
14
Q
What is the shape of Cocci bacteria?
A
Sphere
15
Q
What is the shape of Spirilla bacteria?
A
Spiral
16
Q
What does a obligate aerobe do with oxygen?
A
Requires it
17
Q
What does a obligate anaerobe do with oxygen?
A
Dies in it
18
Q
What does a Facultative Anaerobe do?
A
Toggle between Aerobic/Anaerobic
19
Q
What does a Aerotolerant Anaerobe do with oxygen?
A
Does not use oxygen but tolerates
20
Q
Gram + is what color?
A
Purple
21
Q
Gram - is what color
A
Pink-Red
22
Q
Gram + characteristic
A
THICK peptidoglycan/lipoteichoic acid wall
23
Q
Gram - characteristic
A
THIN peptidoglycan cell wall & an outer membrane
24
Q
Eukaryote has ETC where in the cell?
A
Mitochondria
25
Prokaryote has ETC where in the cell?
Cell membrane
26
Eukaryote’s have ____ ribosomes and Prokaryote’s have ____ ribosomes.
Large;Small
27
Eukaryote’s reproduce via ____.
Mitosis (non sex cell division)
28
Prokaryote reproduce via ____.
Binary fission
29
What are prions?
Infectious proteins
30
What are viroids?
Plant pathogens
31
What are some factors of prions?
- Trigger misfolding
- a-helical —> B-pleated sheets.
- Lower solubility
32
What is a common name for microfilaments in the cytoskeleton?
Actin (globular multi-functional protein)
33
What is a common name for microtubules found in the cytoskeleton?
Tubulin (Protein superfamily of globular proteins)
34
What are 2 Intermediate filaments found within the cytoskeleton?
1. Keratin = Vimentin
2. Desman = Lamin
35
What is Parenchyma?
Functional tissue of an organ
36
How many layers are in simple epithelia?
1
37
How many layers are in Stratified epithelia?
Multiple layers
38
How many layers are in pseudostratified epithelia?
1 (looks like multiple but really just 1)
39
Describe Cuboidal epithelia.
Cube shape
40
Describe Columnar epithelia.
Long and narrow
41
Describe Squamous epithelia.
Flat, scale-like
42
What is stroma?
The framework/support system of organ
43
What are some examples of stroma?
- bone
- cartilage
-tendon
- blood
44
What is genetic transformation?
Gets genetic info from environment
45
What is genetic conjugation?
Transfer of genetic info via conjugation bridge
46
Conjugation bridge.
F+ —> F-
Or
Hfr —> recipient
47
What is genetic transduction?
Transfer using bacteriophage
48
What are genetic transposons?
Genetic info that can insert/remove themselves
49
What does the virus capsid do?
Protein coat
50
What does the envelope virus do?
Creates a lipid envelope
51
What is Virion?
Individual virus particles
52
What is bacteriophage?
- Bacteria virus
- Tall sheath injects DNA / RNA
53
What is viral genome?
- May be DNA or RNA
- Single or double stranded
54
If Single Strand:
Positive Sense: Can be translated by host cell.
Negative Sense: RNA replicate must synthesize a complimentary strand, which can be translated
55
What virus is:
- single stranded RNA
- Reverse transcriptase needed to make DNA
Retrovirus
56
What is lytic?
Virions made until cell lyses
57
What is Lysogenic?
- Virus integrates into genome as provirus or prophage.
- Goes format until stress activates it
58
What happens during cell cycle phase G1?
Make mRNA and proteins to prep for mitosis
59
What happens dUring cell cycle phase G0?
A cell will enter G0 if it DOES NOT need to divide
60
What is the G1 cell cycle checkpoint?
Cell decides if it should divide.
-P53 in charge
61
What happens during the cell cycle phase S?
DNA replicated
62
What happens during the cell cycle G2?
Cell growth & make organelles
63
What occurs at the G2 cell cycle checkpoint?
Check cell size & organelles
64
What happens during the M cell cycle?
Mitosis and cytokinesis
65
How many positive growth signals are there and what are they?
4
1. CDK + Cyclin create a complex
2. Phosphorylation Rb to Rb + P
3. Rb changes shape, releases E2F
4. Cell division continues
66
How many negative growth signals are there and what are they?
1. CDK inhibitors block phosphorylation of Rb
2. So, E2F stays attached
3. Cell cycle halts
67
Which chromosome pair determines the gender/sex?
23rd
68
Which gender is XY?
Male
69
Which gender is XX?
Female
70
X-Linked Disorders are carried by who and expressed by who?
Males express, females can be carriers
71
Y-Chromosome (Sorry your a male)
SRY gene
72
What is semen composed of?
Sperm & seminal fluid
73
What is the purpose of the bulbourethral gland?
Creates a viscous fluid to clean out urethra
74
What is the Seminal vesicles & Prostate gland function?
Make alkaline fluid to help sperm survive urine remains
75
What is pathway of sperm? SEVE(N) UP
Seminiferous tubule
Epididymis
Vans deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Penis
76
What happens during Prophase?
- DNA condenses
- Centrioles migrate to opposite poles and microtubules form
- Nuclear envelope disappears
77
What happens during Metaphase?
- Chromosomes meet in the middle
78
What happens during Anaphase?
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
79
What happens during Telophase?
- Chromosomes decondense
- Nuclear membrane forms
- Cytokinesis occurs
80
What is nondisjunction and when does it occur?
When sister chromatids don’t separate properly during anaphase
81
What occurs during Prophase I?
- Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves
- homologous chromosomes form bivalents
82
What occurs during Metaphase I?
Spindle fibers from opposing centrosomes connect to bivalents and align them along middle of cell
83
Which phase does this text describe?
“Homologous pairs move to opposite poles of the cell disjunction and it accounts for the Law of Segregation”
Anaphase I
84
Which phase does this text describe?
“Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane MAY reform, cell divides (cytokinesis), forms two haploid daughter cells of unequal sizes”
Telophase I
85
Which phase does this text describe?
“Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, centrosomes move to opposite poles”
Prophase II
86
Which phase does this text describe?
“Spindle fibers from opposing centromeres attach to chromosomes and align them along the cell equator”
Metaphase II
87
Which phase does this text describe?
“Spindle fibers contract and separate the sister chromatids, chromatids (now called chromosomes) move to opposite poles”
Anaphase II
88
Which phase does this text describe?
“Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane reforms, cells divide (cytokinesis) to form four haploid daughter cells”
Telophase II
89
Which portion of the female reproductive system has follicles that produce ova and are is controlled by FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) & LH (Luteinizing hormone)?
Ovaries
90
Which portion of the female reproductive system produces female gametes?
Oogenesis
91
What responds to FSH, develops rep tract, and thickens uterine wall?
Estrogen
92
What responds to LH and maintains/protects endometrium?
Progesterone
93
What is the pathway of an egg being released? (EPsFt)
Egg —> Peritoneal sac —> Fallopian tube
94
How does the Follicle Stimulating Hormone effect males and females?
Males: Triggers spermatogenesis, stimulates serotoli cells
Females: Stimulates development of ovarian follicles
95
How does the Luteinizing Hormone effect males and females?
Males: Causes interstitial cells to make testosterone
Females: Induces ovulation
96
Where does fertilization occur? (Be specific)
Ampulla of the Fallopian tube
97
Sperm’s _____ _____ penetrate _____ _____ & ____ ____
Acrosomal enzymes, corona radiate, zona pellucia
98
What type of enzymes inject the pronucleus?
Acrosomal enzymes
99
Cortical reaction releases ____?
Ca2+
100
What is morula?
Early solid mass of cells
101
What are 4 facts about blastula?
- Implants in endometrial lining
- Fluid filled blastocoel
- trophoblast —> Chorion/placenta
- Inner Cell Mass —> Organism
102
What does the Ectoderm consist of? (NsSHNMA)
-nervous system
-skin
-hair
-nails
-mouth
-anus
103
What does the mesoderm consist of? (MCGAc)
-muscoskeleton
-circulatory system
-gonads
-adrenal cortex
104
What does the Endoderm consist of? (GtRtBBS)
-GI tract
-respiratory tract
-bronchi
-bladder
-stomach
105
Fill in the blank.
The Mesoderm develops a _____ & this induces _______.
Notochord, Ectoderm
106
Are both of these developments correct? If not, what is wrong?
Ectoderm—> Neural folds—> Neural tube—> Central Nervous System
Ectoderm—> Neural crest cells —> Neural folds —> Peripheral Nervous System
The first development pathway is correct.
The second however is incorrect due to the Ectoderm giving rise to the Neural folds THEN the Neural crest cells which are derived from the Neural folds.
107
What is the stem cell term ‘totipotent’ referring to?
“Total”, can be any type of cell
108
What is the stem cell term ‘pluripotent’ referring to?
Can be any cell except those found in placental structures
109
What is the stem cell term ‘multi potent referring to?
More specialized. Can be multiple types of cells
110
Which stem cells are multipotent and require treatment w/ transcription factors?
Adult stem cells
111
The Umbilical Artery _____ O2 while the Umbilical Vein ______ O2.
Removes, Gathers
112
What is the term used for twins that are fraternal?
Dizygotic
113
What is the term used for twins that are identical?
Monozygotic
114
Relating to cell specialization, what does the term ‘determination’ mean?
Cell commits to becoming a certain type of cell
115
Relating to cell specialization, what does the term ‘differentiation’ mean?
Follows determination. Selectively transcribe genes appropriate for cells specific function
116
What does the term induction mean relating to cells?
Group of cells influencing the fate of nearby cells. Mediated by inducers, which are commonly growth factors
117
Which type of neurons ascend the spinal cord?
Afferent neurons
118
Which type of neurons are between other neurons?
Interneurons
119
Which type of neurons exit the spinal cord?
Efferent neurons
120
What are the summations for both temporal and spatial?
Temporal: Same Space/Different Time
Spatial: Different Space/Same Time
121
During Action Potential, what is the ration of the Na+/K+ Pump?
3 Na+ OUT/ 2 K+ IN
122
In which part of the Action Potential does Na+ pump?
Depolarization
123
In which part of the Action Potential does K+ pump
Repolarization
124
The Neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft via? (BbeRDooc)
- Breakdown by enzymes
- Reuptake
- Diffusion out of cleft
125
What do a group of astrocytes form?
Blood Brain Barrier
126
Which type of glial cell controls solutes moving from the blood stream to the nervous tissue?
Astrocytes
127
Which type of glial cell forms the barrier between cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid of the CNS
Ependymal Cells
128
Which type of glial cell digests waste in the CNS?
Microglia
129
Which type of glial cell is located in the PNS and makes myelin?
Schwann Cells
130
Which type of glial cell is located in the CNS and makes myelin?
Oligodendrocytes
131
What is considered to be white matter?
Myelinated sheaths
132
What is considered to be grey matter?
Cell bodies and dendrites. (Unmyelinated)
133
The Brain consist of both white matter and grey matter. Describe the locations of these matters relating to the brain.
White deep / Grey outer
134
The Spinal Cord consist of both white and grey matter. Describe the locations of these matters relating to the spinal cord.
Grey deep / White outer
135
What are the two main reflex arcs?
Monosynaptic & Polysynaptic
136
Describe the pathway of the monosynaptic reflex arc.
Monosynaptic: Sensory neuron —> motor neuron
Example: Knee Jerk
137
Describe the pathway of the polysynaptic reflex arc.
Polysynaptic: Sensory neuron —> interneuron —> motor neuron
Example: Withdrawing your leg after stepping on a sharp object
138
What are the two main components of the Central Nervous System?
Brain & Spinal Cord
139
Functions of the Sympathetic Nervous System.
- Fight/Flight
- Relax Bronchi
- Blood to locomotion
- lowers Peristalsis
140
Functions of the Parasympathetic Nervous System.
- Rest/Digest
- Reduce bronchi
- Conserve energy
- raises Peristalsis
141
Insulin is produced by which islets?
Beta
142
Glucagon is produced by which islets?
Alpha
143
Somatostatin is produced by which islets?
Delta
144
What does Gonadotropin releasing hormone do?
Raise FSH and LH
145
What does Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone do?
Raise GH
146
What does thyroidtropin releasing hormone do?
Raise TSH
147
What does corticotropin releasing hormone do?
Raise ACTH
148
Where is ADH and Oxytocin produced and released?
Produced: hypothalamus
Released: posterior pituitary
149
What hormone controls the circadian rhythm?
Melatonin
150
How does FSH affect males and females respectively?
Male: Spermatogenesis
Female: Growth of ovarian follicles
151
How does LH affect males and females respectively?
Males: Testosterone
Females: Induced ovulation
152
How does ACTH affect us?
By Synth and release of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex
153
How does TSH affect us?
By Synth and release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from thyroid
154
What does the hormone prolactin help produce?
Milk
155
What are endorphins responsible for?
Pain
156
What are the functions of Growth Hormone?
- Growth in bone/muscle
- Glucose in bone/muscle
157
What is referred to as the “nares of nose”?
Nostrils
158
Functions of the Pharynx
- Food
- Air travels through
- Air is warmed / humidified
- Vibrissae filter
159
Functions of the Larynx
- Air only
- Epiglottis covering
- Contains vocal cords
160
Functions of the Trachea
Ciliated epithelium collect debris
161
Functions of the Bronchi
Ciliated epithelium collect debris
162
Functions of the Bronchioles
The smallest of the branches of the bronchi
163
Functions of the Alveoli
- has sacs where diffusion occurs
- Surfactant REDUCES surface tension
- Prevents collapse
164
What carries O2+ to the heart from the lungs?
Pulmonary veins
165
What carries O2+ to the lungs from the heart?
Pulmonary Artery
166
What is the function of lysosomes against pathogens in the nasal cavity?
Attack Gram + peptidoglycan
167
How do Mast Cells protect against pathogens?
- Antibiotics on surface
- Inflammation
- Allergic reactions
168
What is the blood pathway of the heart?
Elaborate on which parts are oxygenated and deoxygenated.
Deoxygenated: _____>
Oxygenated: ——>
R. Atrium _____> R. Ventricle ___> Pulmonary Artery ___> Lungs ——> Pulmonary Veins ——> L Atrium ——> L Ventricle ——> Aorta ——> Arteries ——> Arterioles ——> Capillaries ——> Venules ____> Veins ____> Venae Cavae ____> R. Atrium
169
What is pathway of electrical conduction in the heart?
(Stab A Big Pickle)
SA Node (pacemaker) —> AV Node —> Bundle of His —> Purkinje Fibers
170
How does Systole blood pressure operate?
Ventricular contraction & AV valves close
171
How does Diastole blood pressure operate?
Ventricular relaxation, SV close, & blood atria —> ventricles
172
Relating to blood type, what are antigens?
Surface proteins on RBCS
173
What is the Rh Factor?
A factor in which a Rh- person will only create anti-Rh antibodies and this ultimately determines if a person is deemed positive or negative blood type.
174
What is the active form of Prothrombin?
Thrombin
175
What is the active form of Fibrinogen?
Fibrin
176
What breaks down clots?
Plasmin
177
