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MCAT Prep > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleiod Region

A

DNA region in prokaryotes

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2
Q

Nucleolus facts (3)

A

Makes ribosomes
Sits in nucleus
No membrane

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3
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Collect and break down material

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4
Q

Rough ER

A

Accept mRNA to make proteins

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5
Q

Smooth ER

A

Detox and make lipids

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6
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modify/distribute proteins

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7
Q

Vesicular Transport (methods and directions)

A

COPII —> Forward
COPI <— Return

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8
Q

Cisternal Maturation (3)

A

Vesicles travel in retrograde
New Cis made
Cis/Medial/Trans/Exit

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9
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Collect and break down material

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10
Q

Centrioles

A

9 groups of microtubules, pull chromosomes apart

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11
Q

Lysosomes (3)

A
  • Demo & Recycling center
  • Made by Golgi
  • Single Membrane
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12
Q

Plasmids (2)

A
  • In prokaryotes
  • Carry DNA not necessary for survival
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13
Q

What is the shape of bacilli bacteria?

A

Rod

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14
Q

What is the shape of Cocci bacteria?

A

Sphere

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15
Q

What is the shape of Spirilla bacteria?

A

Spiral

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16
Q

What does a obligate aerobe do with oxygen?

A

Requires it

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17
Q

What does a obligate anaerobe do with oxygen?

A

Dies in it

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18
Q

What does a Facultative Anaerobe do?

A

Toggle between Aerobic/Anaerobic

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19
Q

What does a Aerotolerant Anaerobe do with oxygen?

A

Does not use oxygen but tolerates

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20
Q

Gram + is what color?

A

Purple

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21
Q

Gram - is what color

A

Pink-Red

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22
Q

Gram + characteristic

A

THICK peptidoglycan/lipoteichoic acid wall

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23
Q

Gram - characteristic

A

THIN peptidoglycan cell wall & an outer membrane

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24
Q

Eukaryote has ETC where in the cell?

A

Mitochondria

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25
Q

Prokaryote has ETC where in the cell?

A

Cell membrane

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26
Q

Eukaryote’s have ____ ribosomes and Prokaryote’s have ____ ribosomes.

A

Large;Small

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27
Q

Eukaryote’s reproduce via ____.

A

Mitosis (non sex cell division)

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28
Q

Prokaryote reproduce via ____.

A

Binary fission

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29
Q

What are prions?

A

Infectious proteins

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30
Q

What are viroids?

A

Plant pathogens

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31
Q

What are some factors of prions?

A
  • Trigger misfolding
  • a-helical —> B-pleated sheets.
  • Lower solubility
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32
Q

What is a common name for microfilaments in the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin (globular multi-functional protein)

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33
Q

What is a common name for microtubules found in the cytoskeleton?

A

Tubulin (Protein superfamily of globular proteins)

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34
Q

What are 2 Intermediate filaments found within the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Keratin = Vimentin
  2. Desman = Lamin
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35
Q

What is Parenchyma?

A

Functional tissue of an organ

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36
Q

How many layers are in simple epithelia?

A

1

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37
Q

How many layers are in Stratified epithelia?

A

Multiple layers

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38
Q

How many layers are in pseudostratified epithelia?

A

1 (looks like multiple but really just 1)

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39
Q

Describe Cuboidal epithelia.

A

Cube shape

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40
Q

Describe Columnar epithelia.

A

Long and narrow

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41
Q

Describe Squamous epithelia.

A

Flat, scale-like

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42
Q

What is stroma?

A

The framework/support system of organ

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43
Q

What are some examples of stroma?

A
  • bone
  • cartilage
    -tendon
  • blood
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44
Q

What is genetic transformation?

A

Gets genetic info from environment

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45
Q

What is genetic conjugation?

A

Transfer of genetic info via conjugation bridge

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46
Q

Conjugation bridge.

A

F+ —> F-
Or
Hfr —> recipient

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47
Q

What is genetic transduction?

A

Transfer using bacteriophage

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48
Q

What are genetic transposons?

A

Genetic info that can insert/remove themselves

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49
Q

What does the virus capsid do?

A

Protein coat

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50
Q

What does the envelope virus do?

A

Creates a lipid envelope

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51
Q

What is Virion?

A

Individual virus particles

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52
Q

What is bacteriophage?

A
  • Bacteria virus
  • Tall sheath injects DNA / RNA
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53
Q

What is viral genome?

A
  • May be DNA or RNA
  • Single or double stranded
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54
Q

If Single Strand:

A

Positive Sense: Can be translated by host cell.
Negative Sense: RNA replicate must synthesize a complimentary strand, which can be translated

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55
Q

What virus is:
- single stranded RNA
- Reverse transcriptase needed to make DNA

A

Retrovirus

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56
Q

What is lytic?

A

Virions made until cell lyses

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57
Q

What is Lysogenic?

A
  • Virus integrates into genome as provirus or prophage.
  • Goes format until stress activates it
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58
Q

What happens during cell cycle phase G1?

A

Make mRNA and proteins to prep for mitosis

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59
Q

What happens dUring cell cycle phase G0?

A

A cell will enter G0 if it DOES NOT need to divide

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60
Q

What is the G1 cell cycle checkpoint?

A

Cell decides if it should divide.
-P53 in charge

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61
Q

What happens during the cell cycle phase S?

A

DNA replicated

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62
Q

What happens during the cell cycle G2?

A

Cell growth & make organelles

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63
Q

What occurs at the G2 cell cycle checkpoint?

A

Check cell size & organelles

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64
Q

What happens during the M cell cycle?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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65
Q

How many positive growth signals are there and what are they?

A

4

  1. CDK + Cyclin create a complex
  2. Phosphorylation Rb to Rb + P
  3. Rb changes shape, releases E2F
  4. Cell division continues
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66
Q

How many negative growth signals are there and what are they?

A
  1. CDK inhibitors block phosphorylation of Rb
  2. So, E2F stays attached
  3. Cell cycle halts
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67
Q

Which chromosome pair determines the gender/sex?

A

23rd

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68
Q

Which gender is XY?

A

Male

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69
Q

Which gender is XX?

A

Female

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70
Q

X-Linked Disorders are carried by who and expressed by who?

A

Males express, females can be carriers

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71
Q

Y-Chromosome (Sorry your a male)

A

SRY gene

72
Q

What is semen composed of?

A

Sperm & seminal fluid

73
Q

What is the purpose of the bulbourethral gland?

A

Creates a viscous fluid to clean out urethra

74
Q

What is the Seminal vesicles & Prostate gland function?

A

Make alkaline fluid to help sperm survive urine remains

75
Q

What is pathway of sperm? SEVE(N) UP

A

Seminiferous tubule
Epididymis
Vans deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Penis

76
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A
  • DNA condenses
  • Centrioles migrate to opposite poles and microtubules form
  • Nuclear envelope disappears
77
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes meet in the middle
78
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

79
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A
  • Chromosomes decondense
  • Nuclear membrane forms
  • Cytokinesis occurs
80
Q

What is nondisjunction and when does it occur?

A

When sister chromatids don’t separate properly during anaphase

81
Q

What occurs during Prophase I?

A
  • Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves
  • homologous chromosomes form bivalents
82
Q

What occurs during Metaphase I?

A

Spindle fibers from opposing centrosomes connect to bivalents and align them along middle of cell

83
Q

Which phase does this text describe?

“Homologous pairs move to opposite poles of the cell disjunction and it accounts for the Law of Segregation”

A

Anaphase I

84
Q

Which phase does this text describe?

“Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane MAY reform, cell divides (cytokinesis), forms two haploid daughter cells of unequal sizes”

A

Telophase I

85
Q

Which phase does this text describe?

“Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, centrosomes move to opposite poles”

A

Prophase II

86
Q

Which phase does this text describe?

“Spindle fibers from opposing centromeres attach to chromosomes and align them along the cell equator”

A

Metaphase II

87
Q

Which phase does this text describe?

“Spindle fibers contract and separate the sister chromatids, chromatids (now called chromosomes) move to opposite poles”

A

Anaphase II

88
Q

Which phase does this text describe?

“Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane reforms, cells divide (cytokinesis) to form four haploid daughter cells”

A

Telophase II

89
Q

Which portion of the female reproductive system has follicles that produce ova and are is controlled by FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) & LH (Luteinizing hormone)?

A

Ovaries

90
Q

Which portion of the female reproductive system produces female gametes?

A

Oogenesis

91
Q

What responds to FSH, develops rep tract, and thickens uterine wall?

A

Estrogen

92
Q

What responds to LH and maintains/protects endometrium?

A

Progesterone

93
Q

What is the pathway of an egg being released? (EPsFt)

A

Egg —> Peritoneal sac —> Fallopian tube

94
Q

How does the Follicle Stimulating Hormone effect males and females?

A

Males: Triggers spermatogenesis, stimulates serotoli cells

Females: Stimulates development of ovarian follicles

95
Q

How does the Luteinizing Hormone effect males and females?

A

Males: Causes interstitial cells to make testosterone

Females: Induces ovulation

96
Q

Where does fertilization occur? (Be specific)

A

Ampulla of the Fallopian tube

97
Q

Sperm’s _____ _____ penetrate _____ _____ & ____ ____

A

Acrosomal enzymes, corona radiate, zona pellucia

98
Q

What type of enzymes inject the pronucleus?

A

Acrosomal enzymes

99
Q

Cortical reaction releases ____?

A

Ca2+

100
Q

What is morula?

A

Early solid mass of cells

101
Q

What are 4 facts about blastula?

A
  • Implants in endometrial lining
  • Fluid filled blastocoel
  • trophoblast —> Chorion/placenta
  • Inner Cell Mass —> Organism
102
Q

What does the Ectoderm consist of? (NsSHNMA)

A

-nervous system
-skin
-hair
-nails
-mouth
-anus

103
Q

What does the mesoderm consist of? (MCGAc)

A

-muscoskeleton
-circulatory system
-gonads
-adrenal cortex

104
Q

What does the Endoderm consist of? (GtRtBBS)

A

-GI tract
-respiratory tract
-bronchi
-bladder
-stomach

105
Q

Fill in the blank.

The Mesoderm develops a _____ & this induces _______.

A

Notochord, Ectoderm

106
Q

Are both of these developments correct? If not, what is wrong?

Ectoderm—> Neural folds—> Neural tube—> Central Nervous System

Ectoderm—> Neural crest cells —> Neural folds —> Peripheral Nervous System

A

The first development pathway is correct.

The second however is incorrect due to the Ectoderm giving rise to the Neural folds THEN the Neural crest cells which are derived from the Neural folds.

107
Q

What is the stem cell term ‘totipotent’ referring to?

A

“Total”, can be any type of cell

108
Q

What is the stem cell term ‘pluripotent’ referring to?

A

Can be any cell except those found in placental structures

109
Q

What is the stem cell term ‘multi potent referring to?

A

More specialized. Can be multiple types of cells

110
Q

Which stem cells are multipotent and require treatment w/ transcription factors?

A

Adult stem cells

111
Q

The Umbilical Artery _____ O2 while the Umbilical Vein ______ O2.

A

Removes, Gathers

112
Q

What is the term used for twins that are fraternal?

A

Dizygotic

113
Q

What is the term used for twins that are identical?

A

Monozygotic

114
Q

Relating to cell specialization, what does the term ‘determination’ mean?

A

Cell commits to becoming a certain type of cell

115
Q

Relating to cell specialization, what does the term ‘differentiation’ mean?

A

Follows determination. Selectively transcribe genes appropriate for cells specific function

116
Q

What does the term induction mean relating to cells?

A

Group of cells influencing the fate of nearby cells. Mediated by inducers, which are commonly growth factors

117
Q

Which type of neurons ascend the spinal cord?

A

Afferent neurons

118
Q

Which type of neurons are between other neurons?

A

Interneurons

119
Q

Which type of neurons exit the spinal cord?

A

Efferent neurons

120
Q

What are the summations for both temporal and spatial?

A

Temporal: Same Space/Different Time

Spatial: Different Space/Same Time

121
Q

During Action Potential, what is the ration of the Na+/K+ Pump?

A

3 Na+ OUT/ 2 K+ IN

122
Q

In which part of the Action Potential does Na+ pump?

A

Depolarization

123
Q

In which part of the Action Potential does K+ pump

A

Repolarization

124
Q

The Neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft via? (BbeRDooc)

A
  • Breakdown by enzymes
  • Reuptake
  • Diffusion out of cleft
125
Q

What do a group of astrocytes form?

A

Blood Brain Barrier

126
Q

Which type of glial cell controls solutes moving from the blood stream to the nervous tissue?

A

Astrocytes

127
Q

Which type of glial cell forms the barrier between cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid of the CNS

A

Ependymal Cells

128
Q

Which type of glial cell digests waste in the CNS?

A

Microglia

129
Q

Which type of glial cell is located in the PNS and makes myelin?

A

Schwann Cells

130
Q

Which type of glial cell is located in the CNS and makes myelin?

A

Oligodendrocytes

131
Q

What is considered to be white matter?

A

Myelinated sheaths

132
Q

What is considered to be grey matter?

A

Cell bodies and dendrites. (Unmyelinated)

133
Q

The Brain consist of both white matter and grey matter. Describe the locations of these matters relating to the brain.

A

White deep / Grey outer

134
Q

The Spinal Cord consist of both white and grey matter. Describe the locations of these matters relating to the spinal cord.

A

Grey deep / White outer

135
Q

What are the two main reflex arcs?

A

Monosynaptic & Polysynaptic

136
Q

Describe the pathway of the monosynaptic reflex arc.

A

Monosynaptic: Sensory neuron —> motor neuron

Example: Knee Jerk

137
Q

Describe the pathway of the polysynaptic reflex arc.

A

Polysynaptic: Sensory neuron —> interneuron —> motor neuron

Example: Withdrawing your leg after stepping on a sharp object

138
Q

What are the two main components of the Central Nervous System?

A

Brain & Spinal Cord

139
Q

Functions of the Sympathetic Nervous System.

A
  • Fight/Flight
  • Relax Bronchi
  • Blood to locomotion
  • lowers Peristalsis
140
Q

Functions of the Parasympathetic Nervous System.

A
  • Rest/Digest
  • Reduce bronchi
  • Conserve energy
  • raises Peristalsis
141
Q

Insulin is produced by which islets?

A

Beta

142
Q

Glucagon is produced by which islets?

A

Alpha

143
Q

Somatostatin is produced by which islets?

A

Delta

144
Q

What does Gonadotropin releasing hormone do?

A

Raise FSH and LH

145
Q

What does Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone do?

A

Raise GH

146
Q

What does thyroidtropin releasing hormone do?

A

Raise TSH

147
Q

What does corticotropin releasing hormone do?

A

Raise ACTH

148
Q

Where is ADH and Oxytocin produced and released?

A

Produced: hypothalamus

Released: posterior pituitary

149
Q

What hormone controls the circadian rhythm?

A

Melatonin

150
Q

How does FSH affect males and females respectively?

A

Male: Spermatogenesis
Female: Growth of ovarian follicles

151
Q

How does LH affect males and females respectively?

A

Males: Testosterone
Females: Induced ovulation

152
Q

How does ACTH affect us?

A

By Synth and release of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

153
Q

How does TSH affect us?

A

By Synth and release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from thyroid

154
Q

What does the hormone prolactin help produce?

A

Milk

155
Q

What are endorphins responsible for?

A

Pain

156
Q

What are the functions of Growth Hormone?

A
  • Growth in bone/muscle
  • Glucose in bone/muscle
157
Q

What is referred to as the “nares of nose”?

A

Nostrils

158
Q

Functions of the Pharynx

A
  • Food
  • Air travels through
  • Air is warmed / humidified
  • Vibrissae filter
159
Q

Functions of the Larynx

A
  • Air only
  • Epiglottis covering
  • Contains vocal cords
160
Q

Functions of the Trachea

A

Ciliated epithelium collect debris

161
Q

Functions of the Bronchi

A

Ciliated epithelium collect debris

162
Q

Functions of the Bronchioles

A

The smallest of the branches of the bronchi

163
Q

Functions of the Alveoli

A
  • has sacs where diffusion occurs
  • Surfactant REDUCES surface tension
  • Prevents collapse
164
Q

What carries O2+ to the heart from the lungs?

A

Pulmonary veins

165
Q

What carries O2+ to the lungs from the heart?

A

Pulmonary Artery

166
Q

What is the function of lysosomes against pathogens in the nasal cavity?

A

Attack Gram + peptidoglycan

167
Q

How do Mast Cells protect against pathogens?

A
  • Antibiotics on surface
  • Inflammation
  • Allergic reactions
168
Q

What is the blood pathway of the heart?

Elaborate on which parts are oxygenated and deoxygenated.

Deoxygenated: _____>
Oxygenated: ——>

A

R. Atrium _____> R. Ventricle ___> Pulmonary Artery ___> Lungs ——> Pulmonary Veins ——> L Atrium ——> L Ventricle ——> Aorta ——> Arteries ——> Arterioles ——> Capillaries ——> Venules ____> Veins ____> Venae Cavae ____> R. Atrium

169
Q

What is pathway of electrical conduction in the heart?
(Stab A Big Pickle)

A

SA Node (pacemaker) —> AV Node —> Bundle of His —> Purkinje Fibers

170
Q

How does Systole blood pressure operate?

A

Ventricular contraction & AV valves close

171
Q

How does Diastole blood pressure operate?

A

Ventricular relaxation, SV close, & blood atria —> ventricles

172
Q

Relating to blood type, what are antigens?

A

Surface proteins on RBCS

173
Q

What is the Rh Factor?

A

A factor in which a Rh- person will only create anti-Rh antibodies and this ultimately determines if a person is deemed positive or negative blood type.

174
Q

What is the active form of Prothrombin?

A

Thrombin

175
Q

What is the active form of Fibrinogen?

A

Fibrin

176
Q

What breaks down clots?

A

Plasmin

177
Q
A

MCAT Prep (2 decks)

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