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Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define weather

A

Atmospheric conditions of a specific place at a specific time

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2
Q

define climate

A

Average weather conditions in a region over a period of several years (at least 30)

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3
Q

define anecdotal

A

things we see or experience

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4
Q

what layers are the atmosphere made of

A
  1. thermosphere
  2. mesosphere
  3. stratosphere
  4. troposphere
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5
Q

what is the biosphere

A

The narrow zone around Earth that can support life

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6
Q

Define insolation

A

The amount of energy that is actually received by the Earth’s surface

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7
Q

what is the angle of earths tilt called?

A

This is called the angle of inclination

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8
Q

what is the angle of incidence

A

The angle between the sun’s ray and the surface of the Earth

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9
Q

define albedo

A

he percent of solar radiation that a material reflects

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10
Q

what naturally causes the most climate change

A

Water vapour

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11
Q

whats a biome

A

Geographical areas with a specific climate that the plants and animals that live there are adapted to

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12
Q

describe a tundra

A

1) bitter cold, high winds
2) little rainfall
3) grasses and small shrubs, arctic foxes polar bears
4) many animals hibernate in the colder months

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13
Q

describe a Tagia

A
  1. cold
  2. lots of snow
  3. conference trees, bears
  4. trees have needles, animals have fur
  5. also called a boreal forest
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14
Q

Describe a deciduous forest

A
  1. mild climate
  2. lots of rain
  3. broadleaf trees, frogs, snails, snakes
  4. very distinct seasons
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15
Q

describe a grassland

A
  1. mild tempature
  2. some rain
  3. grasses, coyotes, bison, gophers
  4. plants have deep roots
  5. rich topsoil
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16
Q

describe a rainforest

A
  1. hot
  2. heavy rainfall
  3. very diverse
  4. plants have broad leaves
  5. little sunlight reaches the floor
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17
Q

describe a desert

A
  1. very hot during the day and very cold at night
  2. very little rain
  3. cacti, short grasses, lizards
  4. organisms must adapt with water storage
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18
Q

What is GWP

A

measure of the relative ability to trap thermal energy in the atmosphere

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19
Q

define carbon source

A

Processes that release carbon into the atmosphere

examples: living organisms, agriculture, CO2, methane

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20
Q

define carbon sink

A

Processes that remove carbon from atmosphere

examples: oceans, photosynthesis

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21
Q

what mostly artificially adds to the green house effect

A

CO2
methane
nitrous oxide

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22
Q

What is cell theory

A

All living things, or organisms, are composed of cells. Organisms may be unicellular or multicellular.

Cells are the fundamental unit of life. All cells contain genetic information which determines their function, a metabolism which allows them to carry out these functions, and are capable of reproduction.

All cells are produced from other cells through cell division, a concept referred to as biogenesis.

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23
Q

how do viruses break the rules of cell theory

A

Although they may look like cells, and they DO contain genetic material, viruses cannot actually survive outside of a host.
This is because they lack metabolic and reproductive capabilities.
Therefore, they are not considered to be “living”.

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24
Q

how does Striated Muscle break the rules of cell theory

A

Some types of muscle cells, known as striated muscle, contain multiple nuclei.
These cells are long and narrow, and are bundled together by a single membrane (rather than each having their own).

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25
Q

how does Fungal hyphae break the rules of cell theory

A

Fungal hyphae are cells that make up the fruiting bodies of fungi.
These cells are also relatively large and elongated.
Like striated muscle tissue, fungal hyphae contain multiple nuclei. Hyphae join together to form a continuous cytoplasm rather than discrete units.

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26
Q

what are the parts of the microscope? What do they do?

A

Eye piece (Ocular lens)
Observe the specimen by looking through

Coarse adjustment knob
Moves the stage up and down. Use only with low
power.

Fine adjustment knob
Makes the image sharper and clearer. Use with medium and low power.

Revolving nosepiece
Holds(supports) the objective lenses.

Body tube
Supports the ocular lens.

Objective lenses
Different levels of magnification power (low 4x, medium 10x, high 40x)

Stage
Is where the slide is placed for support and viewing.

Stage clips
Holds the slide in place

Diaphragm
Regulates the amount of light passing through the stage opening.

Light source
Supplies the light for viewing the specimen on the slide.

Arm
Supports the revolving nosepiece & body tube. Used to carry the microscope.

Base
Supports the entire microscope and is also used when carrying the microscope.

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27
Q

what is the purpose of staining

A

help to increase the contrast of cellular structures under a microscope, making specific organelles (such as the nucleus and cell wall/membrane) easier to see.

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28
Q

what is the purpose of Fluorescence

A

Fluorescence is another imaging technique that can be used to show molecules on the membrane of cells in more detail.

29
Q

what processes are essential for life

A

Nutrient intake
Movement
Growth
Response to stimuli
Gas exchange
Waste removal
Reproduction

30
Q

what are the parts of Prokaryotic Cells
what do they do

A

Mesosome is where DNA is replicated
Nucleoid & plasmid both contain DNA
Pili aid in communication between prokaryotic cells
Ribosomes are required to translate DNA into proteins (note that prokaryotes contain “70s” ribosomes, which are smaller than those of eukaryotes)
Capsule prevents cells from drying out and allows prokaryotes to adhere to surfaces
Some prokaryotes also have a flagellum, which allows them to move

31
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

controls all cellular activities
where DNA is stored

32
Q

whats the funtion of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

A series of interconnected tubes that branch from the nucleus.
Two types: smooth ER & rough ER
Smooth ER makes lipids for delivery out of the cell.
Rough ER makes proteins for delivery out of the cell (“rough” because it is embedded by ribosomes, which help create proteins)

33
Q

whats the funtion of the Golgi Apparatus/Complex

A

Flat, disc-shaped sacs involved in secretion.
Receives substances from the ER and packages them for transport out of the cell.

34
Q

whats the function of the Ribosomes

A

May be embedded in the rough ER or free-floating in cytoplasm
Translates mRNA (modified DNA) from nucleus into sequences of amino acids (aka proteins)
Eukaryotes contain “80s” ribosomes

35
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

jelly-like material found throughout the cell in which organelles are suspended

36
Q

whats the cell membrane

A

flexible boundary that controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell

37
Q

whats the mitochondria

A

where cellular respiration takes place; provides ATP (energy) for use by the cell

38
Q

what are Centrioles

A

paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope. Centrioles play a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system. They help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell.

39
Q

what is a cell wall

A

rigid outer portion of the cell, provides shape and support
explains why plant cells often look “boxy” under the microscope

40
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

where photosynthesis takes place
contain chlorophyll, a green pigment which helps absorb light from the sun

41
Q

whats the function of the vacuole

A

stores water and other substances

42
Q

what is the cell membrane composed of

A

Cell membranes are composed of a double layer of phospholipids with proteins and other molecules embedded within.

43
Q

what part of the membrane is hydrophilic, what part is hydrophobic

A

The head is hydrophilic, or “water-loving”, while the tail is hydrophobic, or “water-fearing”

44
Q

what are integral proteins

A

Span the lipid bilayer; are permanently embedded.

45
Q

what are Peripheral Proteins

A

Associate with the surface of the
membrane; are temporarily attached.

46
Q

what are the roles of membrane proteins

A

intercellular joining
enzymatic activity
transport
cell-cell recognition
attachment
signal transduction

47
Q

what is the purpose of cholesterol

A

Cholesterol acts to maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane, thereby allowing it to maintain integrity while it changes shape.

48
Q

whats a hypotonic solution

A

In a hypotonic solution, the concentration of solute is lower outside the cell compared to inside; thus, water will move into the cell via osmosis. (prefix hypo- means “low” or “under”)

49
Q

whats an isotonic solution

A

In a isotonic solution, the concentration of the solute and solution is almost the same.

50
Q

whats a hypertonic solution

A

In a hypertonic solution, the concentration of solute is higher inside the cell compared to outside; thus, water will move out of the cell via osmosis. (hyper- means “high” or “over.”)

51
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

facilitated diffusion, involves the transport of substances that cannot cross the membrane by themselves without proteins.

52
Q

what is Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis

A

These types of molecules must be released from the cell through a process known as exocytosis or taken into the cell through a process known as endocytosis.

53
Q

what is Pinocytosis vs. Phagocytosis

A

Pinocytosis, or “cell drinking”, is a form of endocytosis which allows cells to obtain molecules dissolved in fluids.

Phagocytosis, or “cell eating”, is a form of endocytosis which allows cells to obtain solids.

54
Q

what are the adavantages of being multicellular

A

Division of Labour
Cells may become specialized to carry out particular functions more efficiently
Size

Organisms can become larger, as multiple cells work together to allow for the efficient transport & exchange of materials

Interdependence
If one cell dies or becomes damaged, the entire organism is unaffected

55
Q

what is apart of the shoot system, whats its purpose

A

stem, leaves, buds, flowers and fruits
absorbs CO2 and releases O2

56
Q

what is apart of the root system whats its purpose

A

roots and root hairs
absorbs water & minerals from the soil

57
Q

where does mitosis occur

A

Mitosis occurs in specialized clusters of cells called meristems.

58
Q

what kind of tissues do plants have

A

Plants contain three specialized types of tissues…

Dermal tissue
Ground tissue
Vascular tissue

59
Q

what is dermal tissue

A

The outer layer of cells that covers all non-woody plants. This tissue is generally one cell-layer thick and is responsible for gas exchange in the leaves.

60
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

Gas exchange also occurs in lenticels

61
Q

what is the purpose of the cuticle

A

prevent water loss in addition to offering protection against microorganisms.

62
Q

what is the purpose of ground tissue

A

Provides strength and support to the plant in the stem.
Involved in food and water storage in the roots.
The location of photosynthesis in the leaves.

63
Q

whats the purpose of vascular tissue

A

Responsible for the transport of materials throughout the plant.

64
Q

what does the xylem do

A

Xylem tissue is specialized for the movement of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stem and leaves.

65
Q

what does the phloem do

A

Phloem tissue is specialized for the movement of sucrose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to the stem and roots.

66
Q

whats inversion

A

A reversal of the temperature change with altitude

67
Q

define angle of inclination

A

the angle between the equatorial plane of the earth and the orbital plane of the satellite

68
Q

define angle of incidence

A

The angle between the sun’s ray and the surface of the Earth

69
Q
A

Science 10 (2 decks)

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