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Jasmines class > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

function of the cytoplasm

A

site of chemical reactions

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2
Q

function of the cell membrane

A

controls what substances go in and out of the cell

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3
Q

function of the mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration
releasing energy

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4
Q

function of the ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

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5
Q

function of the cell wall

A

strengthens the cell
provides support

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6
Q

function of the chloroplasts

A

contains chlorophyll
site of photosynthesis

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7
Q

function of the permanent vacuole

A

contains cell sap to keep plant cells rigid
provides support

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8
Q

3 differences between animal and plant celssa

A

plant cells have chloroplasts, permanent vacuole and cellulose cell wall
animal cells do not

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9
Q

what substances make up a plants cell walls?

A

cellulose

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10
Q

differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes do not have a nucleus.
eukaryotes do.

prokaryotes are bacteria and viruses
eukaryotes are animal and plant cells

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11
Q

one organism that is prokaryotic

A

bacteria

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12
Q

what is the name of the extra small DNA rings found in some prokaryotes?

A

plasmids

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13
Q

the use of tail in sperm cells

A

to swim and move around (to reach the egg)

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14
Q

why do sperm cells have lots of mitochondria?

A

to provide lots of energy for swimming

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15
Q

root hair cells have lots of mitochondria to release energy. what is the energy used for?

A

active transport of mineral ions into root hair cells

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16
Q

which specialised cell in plants make up the tissue for transporting water?

A

xylem cells

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17
Q

name the substance found in xylem cells that alloe the cells to withstand high water pressure

A

lignin

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18
Q

the difference in structure between xylem and phloem

A

Xylem: dead, hollow tube, has lignin
Phloem: living, has sieve plates, no lignin

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19
Q

Define Diffusion

A

movement of particles from an area of HIGH TO LOW concentration

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20
Q

3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A

concentration gradient
temperature
surface area

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21
Q

a substance that diffuses into our cells for use

A

oxygen
glucose

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22
Q

explain why higher temperature results in faster diffusion

A

particles have more kinetic energy, so move around more

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23
Q

name a substance that diffuses out of our cells to be removed

A

carbon dioxide
urea

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24
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water from a DILUTE to a CONCENTRATED solution through a partially permeable membrane

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25
Q

if a cell is in a hypertonic solution, water will (enter or leave) the cell

A

leave

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26
Q

if a cell is in a hypotonic solution, water will (enter or leave) the cell

A

enter

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27
Q

animal cells burst in hypotonic solutions because

A

no cell wall

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28
Q

active transport

A

movement of particles from a LOW TO A HIGH concentration
requires energy

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29
Q

a gene is…

A

a short section of DNA that codes for a protein/ controls a characteristic

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30
Q

a chromosome is..

A

structures in the nucleus that carry genes

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31
Q

how many chromosomes are in one human body cell

A

46

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32
Q

chromosome are arranged in how many pairs in a human body cell

A

23

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33
Q

2 key importances of mitosis

A

growth
repaie

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34
Q

the first stage of the cell cycle

A

cell size increases
DNA and organelles replicate

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35
Q

second stage of the cell cycle (mitosis)

A

nucleus divides

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36
Q

the third stage of the cell cycle

A

cytoplasm and cell membrane divides into two genetically identical daughter cells

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37
Q

differentiation

A

the process where a cell becomes specialised/adapted to perform specific functions

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38
Q

stem cell

A

undifferentiated cell with the potential to become specialised

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39
Q

adult stem cells

A

stem cells that can only differentiate into a specific type of cell

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40
Q

where does differentiation occur in plants?

A

root tip
shoot tip

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41
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate into all cell types

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42
Q

define tissue

A

a group of cells with a similar structure working together for a specific function

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43
Q

define organ

A

a group of tissues working together for a specific function

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44
Q

reorder in increasing size order:
organ
cell
tissue
organ system
organism

A

cell < tissue < organ < organ system <organism

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45
Q

the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach is

A

oesophagus

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46
Q

the function of the salivary glands

A

produce digestive system enzymes (amylase)

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47
Q

the function of the stomach

A

releases digestive enzymes to digest food

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48
Q

the function of the liver

A

produces bile

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49
Q

the function of the small intestine

A

digest food and absorb nutrients from digested food

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50
Q

the function of the large intestine

A

absorb water from digested food

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51
Q

the function of the pancreas

A

produces/releases digestive enzymes

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52
Q

the function of the gall bladder

A

store bile before release into small intestine

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53
Q

what is the positive result for the starch test

A

starch turns iodine solution from brown-red to blue-black

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54
Q

what is the positive result for sugars

A

Benedict’s solution turn from clear blue to brick red

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55
Q

what is the positive result for proteins

A

biuret turns from blue to lilac

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56
Q

what is the positive result for lipids

A

cloudy white layer

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57
Q

a risk of doing food tests

A

ethanol is flammable
biuret is corrosive

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58
Q

define a catalyst

A

a substance that speeds up chemical reactions but doesn’t get used up

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59
Q

define enzyme

A

biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

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60
Q

enzymes are..

A

proteins

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61
Q

define digestion

A

breakdown of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble substances

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62
Q

the type of enzyme that digests carbohydrates

A

carbohydrases

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63
Q

the enzyme that digests starch

A

amylase

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64
Q

the product of the breakdown of starch

A

simple sugars
glucose)

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65
Q

the type of enzyme that digests proteins

A

proteases

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66
Q

the product that breaks down proteins

A

amino acids

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67
Q

the type of enzyme that digests lipids

A

lipases

68
Q

the products of the breakdown of lipids

A

glycerol and fatty acids

69
Q

which organs produce amylase

A

salivary glands
small intestine
pancreas

70
Q

which organs produce proteases

A

stomach
pancreas
small intestine

71
Q

which organs produce lipases

A

pancreas and small intestine

72
Q

what is plasma in the blood

A

yellow liquid that carries blood cells
proteins and dissolves substances around the body

73
Q

function of platelets

A

blood clotting

74
Q

where does starch digestion occur

A

mouth
small intestine

75
Q

where does lipid digestion occur

A

small intestine

76
Q

how are the nutrients carried away from the gut

A

absorbed into bloodstream through walls in small intestine

77
Q

how are the villi adapted for efficient absorption of nutrients

A

many microvilli=
large surface area
rich blood supply
thin walls

78
Q

2 functions of bile

A

emulsifies fat + neutralises food from stomach (HCI)

79
Q

how are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen efficiently

A

biconcave disc shape
contain pigment haemoglobin
no nucleus

80
Q

name the blood vessel type that carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body

A

artery

81
Q

name the blood vessel type that carries blood from the organs back into the heart

A

vein

82
Q

name the blood vessel type that is found within organs that link arteries and veins

A

capillaries

83
Q

structural differences between arteries and veins

A

A: thicker walls, more elastic tissue, no valves
V: thinner walls, less elastic tissues, have valves

84
Q

why can substances diffuse easily between capillaries and the cells?

A

thin capillary walls

85
Q

what is the double circulatory system

A

one part carries blood between heart and lungs
the other carries blood between heart and other organs

86
Q

name the vessels that supply oxygen to the heart

A

coronary arteries

87
Q

name the large vessel that brings deoxygenated blood back inti the heart

A

vena cava

88
Q

name the upper chambers of the heart

A

atria

89
Q

name the lower chambers of the heart

A

ventricles

90
Q

name the vessel that brings deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

A

pulmonary artery

91
Q

name the vessel that brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

A

pulmonary vein

92
Q

which side of the heart has deoxygenated blood

A

right

93
Q

name the large blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood out of the heart to the body

A

aorta

94
Q

the function of heart valves

A

prevent back flow of blood

95
Q

a method to unblock a coronary artery in the heart

A

stent

96
Q

a drug that reduces blood cholesterol levels

A

statins

97
Q

what can be used to replace a damaged heart valve

A

biological or mechanical valves

98
Q

the function of the ribcage

A

protect the heart and lungs

99
Q

what are communicable diseases

A

diseases caused by pathogens that can be transmitted from one individual to another

100
Q

define pathogens

A

microorganisms that cause disease

101
Q

define health

A

state of physical and mental wellbeing

102
Q

four types of pathogens

A

bacteria
viruses
protists
fungi

103
Q

how do bacteria make you ill

A

damage cells
produce toxins

104
Q

how do viruses make you ill

A

reproduce inside body cells, causing damage

105
Q

how can pathogens be spread

A

by air
droplet infection
direct contact
water

106
Q

define binary fission

A

bacteria reproduction

107
Q

what are antibiotics

A

chemicals used to kill bacteria inside human body

108
Q

one method to prevent the spread of disease

A

isolation
maintain good hygene
destroy vectors
vaccination

109
Q

a viral disease that leads to blindness and brain damage

A

measles

110
Q

how can measles spread

A

droplet infection

111
Q

how can AIDS be spread

A

sexual contact
exchange of bodily fluids

112
Q

how can AIDS be treated

A

antiretroviral drugs to control it (not cure)

113
Q

a viral disease in plants

A

tobacco mosaic virus

114
Q

how does tobacco mosaic virus affect the plants

A

destroys chloroplasts = reduced photosynthesis
=stunted growth

115
Q

which pathogen causes gonorrhoea

A

bacteria

116
Q

how does gonorrhoea spread

A

sexual contact

117
Q

symptom of gonorrhoea

A

yellow/green discharge from penis or vagina
pain on urination

118
Q

how does your skin act as a defence against pathogen entry

A

barrier
antimicrobial secretions
microorganism layer

119
Q

how does the trachea defend the body against pathogens

A

secrete mucus to trap pathogens
cilia move mucus to back of throat for swallowing

120
Q

how does the stomach defend the body against pathogens

A

hydrochloric acid destroys microorganisms in mucus/food

121
Q

3 way’s white blood cells defend the body

A

engulf pathogens
produce antibodies
produce antitoxins

122
Q

what are antibodies

A

proteins that bind to specific antigens on pathogens

123
Q

what are antigens

A

proteins on cell surface for recognition

124
Q

define resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two separate points

125
Q

Which type of microscope has higher magnification and resolving power - Light or electron?

A

electron microscope

126
Q

Why do we stain tissue samples before looking at them under the microscope?

A

to visualise/see structures clearly

127
Q

how do you calculate magnification with a microscope

A

magnification = image/actual

128
Q

what is the role of a nerve cell

A

carry electrical impulses

129
Q

how have nerve cells adapted to their role

A

myelin sheath- insulation
very long
dendrites
synapses- neurotransmitters

130
Q

what is the role of a muscle cell

A

movement

131
Q

how have muscle cells adapted to their role

A

contract
mitochondria- energy

132
Q

what is the role of a sperm cell

A

carry 1/2 DNA to fertilise the egg

133
Q

how has the sperm cell adapted to its role

A

1/2 DNA
tail
mitochondria

134
Q

what is the role of the root hair cell

A

absorbs water and minerals

135
Q

how have root hair cells adapted to their role

A

large surface area

136
Q

how have photosynthetic cells adapted to their role of photosynthesis

A

lots of chlorophyll
large surface area
large vacuole

137
Q

what is the solute

A

the substance being dissolved

138
Q

what is the solvent

A

the substance being dissolved into

139
Q

what is the solution

A

the result of the solute and solvent

140
Q

what is the type of cell division that produces egg and sperm cells

A

miosis

141
Q

what evidence is used you study species that have become extinct

A

fossils

142
Q

which hormones are given to women having IVF treatment

A

FSH and LH

143
Q

name the target organ of the hormones used for IVF

A

ovaries

144
Q

what are non-communicable diseases

A

non infectious diseases
cannot be transmitted

145
Q

what does carcinogens mean

A

cancer causing diseases

for example: tobacco

146
Q

what are benign tumours

A

growth of abnormal cells contained in one area
don’t invade other tissues

can become malignant if parts break off

147
Q

what are malignant tumours

A

tumours that can spread to other parts of the body

148
Q

what is a risk factor of developing cancer

A

smoking
obesity
common viruses
UV exposure
genetic factors

149
Q

what are 2 ways to treat cancer

A

chemotherapy
radiotherapy

150
Q

what is the carcinogen in tobacco smoke

A

tar

151
Q

what does correlation mean

A

could be a link between variables

152
Q

what does causal mean

A

definite link between variables

153
Q

is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic

A

endothermic

154
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

155
Q

what is cancer

A

an abnormal growth of cells

forms a mass of cells=tumor

156
Q

causes of cancer:

A

lifestyle and choice:
alcohol
smoking
food intake
UV

genetics:
more inclined

157
Q

what is the addictive substance in smoking

A

nicotine

158
Q

what is the carcinogenic in smoking

A

tar

159
Q

why shouldn’t you smoke when pregnant

A

contains carbon monoxide
making the baby oxygen deprived
leading to problems like premature, still borns, miscarriage and underweight babies

160
Q

what does accuracy mean

A

close to the true value of

161
Q

what does precise mean

A

values that are close together

162
Q

what does a fair test mean

A

variables controlled

163
Q

what is the required practical for testing for starch

A

get a leaf from a plant in sunlight and one from a plant in the dark
boil both leaves to kill them (stop photosynthesis)
put leaf into a test tube with ethanol
(ethanol boils at a low temperature) put test tube in boiling water for 10 mins
the ethanol removes chlorophyll (so you can see results)
test with iodine solution which tests for starch
if it contains starch- yellow brown to black ( one in sunlight
if it doesnt contain starch it will remain yellow

164
Q

is aerobic respiration endothermic or exothermic

A

exothermic- released energy

165
Q

what is the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water

Jasmines class (6 decks)

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