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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen

A

A pathogen is a microorganism which cause disease common pathogens are bacteria and viruses

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2
Q

How do pathogens get spread

A

By air, by direct contact, by food or water

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3
Q

How do pathogens get spread by air

A

When you are infected you will expel droplets full of pathogens when breathing and others breath it in

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4
Q

How does direct contact spread pathogens

A

Bodily fluids, sexual contact, touch, cuts, scratches

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5
Q

How does food or water spread pathogens

A

Untreated water, raw meat, contamination in food, via digestive system

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6
Q

What factors do bacteria have

A

Can multiply on non living organisms, single celled living organisms, smaller than animal and plant cells, split in two and produce toxins which affect your body, some are harmless and really useful to have

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7
Q

What factors do viruses have

A

Can cause disease in a range of organisms from people to bacterial, take over your cells to reproduce then pop them, very small and have a regular shape

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8
Q

What are the four types of blood cells

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platlets

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9
Q

What do white blood cells do

A

White blood cells are activated to destroy and neutralise the pathogen before they attack our body

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10
Q

What is the first phase of the immune response

A

Phagocytes engulf pathogens killing them

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11
Q

What is the effect of lymphocytes

A

They release anti toxins which cancel the pathogens dangerous toxins

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12
Q

What is binary fision

A

Multiplying bacteria that split into two

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13
Q

What are the conditions for binary fission

A

It has to be wet and moist with nutrients otherwise they can’t multiply

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14
Q

What is cancers definition

A

A disease where the cells in your body multiply in an abnormal way

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15
Q

What are the two types of tumour

A

Benign and maligna

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16
Q

What is a benign tumour

A

Unlike cancer tumours, a benign tumour divides slowly and is unable to spread throughout the body

17
Q

What does malignant mean

A

It’s Latin for “badly born”

18
Q

What Malignant tumour is a

A

This tumour multiplies uncontrollably to metastasise (spread) to different parts of the body and invade surrounding tissue

19
Q

What increases your risk of getting cancer

A

Smoking, diet, family history, pollution, smoking, pathogens, lack of exercise, occupational exposure

20
Q

What is a vaccination

A

A vaccine is a produce which produces antibodies

21
Q

What is a vaccine made of

A

Weak, dying bacteria which can’t harm you but your white body makes anti bodies to attack them so when the pathogen returns our body can fight back

22
Q

What is herd immunity

A

It’s when an amount of the population is immune to the pathogens meaning that people without the vaccine are protected

23
Q

Do antibiotics kill all bacteria

A

No, some bacteria can be left behind due to natural selection and can mutate

24
Q

How can you stop the mutated bacteria

A

By taking the course of antibiotics prescribed or doctors not over prescribing antibiotics readily

25
Q

What makes a good medicine

A

Effective, safe, stable

26
Q

How do you make a drug safe

A

Not too toxic or have unacceptable side effects

27
Q

How do you make a drug stable

A

Used under normal circumstances and can be stored and can be successfully removed after its job is done

28
Q

What are drugs tested for

A

Dosage, efficiency, toxicity

29
Q

What is a placebo

A

Something that looks like the drug but has no medical effect

30
Q

What is a blind trial

A

When the doctor knows what drug is being given but the patient doesnt

31
Q

What is double blind trial

A

Where the doctor and patient don’t know whether the patients are receiving the drug

32
Q

State three chemicals in cigarette smoke

A

Tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide

33
Q

How can cigarettes damage your body

A

1.Tar can get stuck to your lungs blocking ur alveoli making it hard to breathe
2.Nicotine goes to your brain giving it a shock making you addicted to the drug

34
Q

Who discovered the first antibiotic

A

Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic

35
Q

What do paracetamol do

A

They relieve symptoms but not the pathogens that are causing them

36
Q

Do antibiotics affect viruses

A

No because viruses hide in human cells multiplying

37
Q

What affects can alcohol have on your body

A

Mood swings, strokes, memory loss and lack of coordination, cancer

38
Q

How can alcohol affect pregnancy

A

The problems that occur are damage to the brain, miscarriage, feral alcohol syndrome

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