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ATI TEAS > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

mitochondria and chloroplast both generate ATP by what mechanism?

A

chemiosmosis

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2
Q

mitosis results in…

A

identical daughter cells

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3
Q

meiosis results in..

A

genetically different daughter cells

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4
Q

mitosis occurs in ___ cells

A

somatic

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5
Q

meiosis occurs in ___ cells

A

sex

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6
Q

all somatic cells are ___ cells.

A

diploid

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7
Q

shorthand for diploid is…

A

2n

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8
Q

what is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

A

interphase

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9
Q

what happens in the S-phase of the cell cycle?

A

DNA synthesis

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10
Q

what is gametogenesis?

A

when diploid germ cells (from testes or ovaries) form haploid sex cells

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11
Q

germ cells are unique because…

A

they undergo mitosis and meiosis

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12
Q

what is the acrosome?

A

enzyme packed structure that assists penetration

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13
Q

how many mitochondria spiral around the midpiece?

A

50-100

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14
Q

what is the core of the flagellum called in a sperm cell?

A

axoneme

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15
Q

what kind of enzymes react with the zona pellucida?

A

hydrolytic

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16
Q

the zygote forms into a cluster of cells called a ____

A

morula

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17
Q

what are the embryonic germ layers?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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18
Q

what is the process by which embryonic germ layers are formed called?

A

gastrulation

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19
Q

organogenesis forms the ___

A

heart

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20
Q

neurulation forms the ___

A

nerves

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21
Q

what structures close at birth?

A

foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus
ductus venosus

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22
Q

where does fetilization occur?

A

fallopian tubes

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23
Q

where are stratisfied squamous epithelial tissues found?

A

locations that experience friction
- mouth
- esophagus
- exterior skin

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24
Q

where are simple columnar epithelium found?

A

line digestive tract and have goblet cells that produce mucus

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25
Q

where are simple squamous epithelial found?

A

where filtration and diffusion occurs
- alveoli

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26
Q

epithelial cells are ____.

A

avascular

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27
Q

epithelial cells get their nutrients from..

A

oxygen and capillaries in the basement membrane

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28
Q

which are the most abundant tissues in the body?

A

connective tissue

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29
Q

connective tissues are highly ____

A

vascular

30
Q

which connective tissues for NOT highly vascular?

A

tendons, ligaments, cartilage

31
Q

blood is a type of __ tissue made up of blood cells and plasma

A

connective

32
Q

adipose tissue is a type of ___ tissue.

A

connective

33
Q

osseous tissue is a type of ___ tissue

A

connective

34
Q

osseous tissue is made up of…

A

osteocytes surrounded by calcium salts and collagen

35
Q

what are cartilage cells called?

A

chondrocytes

36
Q

what type of connective tissue is tendons and ligaments made up of?

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

37
Q

cells that secrete molecules are called ___/

A

inducers

38
Q

juxtacrine signals require ___ ___ between cells.

A

direct contact

39
Q

what is reciprocal induction?

A

two tissues talk to eachother

40
Q

lamellipodia is when…

A

a cytoskeleton goes flat due to actin

41
Q

filopodia is when…

A

finger-like projections come out of lamellipodia

42
Q

potency is the ability of a cell to ___.

A

differentiate

43
Q

organize cells from most to least potent

A

totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent
oligopotent
unipotent

44
Q

what is the unique property of pluripotent cells?

A

they can develop into any type of cell except for the placenta

45
Q

where are telomeres found and what is their purpose?

A

telomeres are found at the end of chromosomes to protect their DNA coding sequence

46
Q

when telomeres are lost, the cell must enter ___ to prevent damage to important genes.

A

senescence

47
Q

which are the pyrimidine bases?

A

C T U

48
Q

which are the purine bases?

A

A G

49
Q

transcription is ____ to _____.

A

DNA to mRNA

50
Q

the monosaccharides are

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

51
Q

the disaccharides are

A

sucrose
maltose
lactose

52
Q

polysaccharides are

A

starch
glycogen
fiber

53
Q

what are the three types of proteins

A

fibrous
globular
membrane

54
Q

what are vectors?

A

insects that carry disease

55
Q

gram-negative bacteria is the color ___ and is ____.

A

red , pathogenic

56
Q

gram-positive bacteria is the color ___ and is _____.

A

purple , non pathogenic

57
Q

gram-negative bacteria contain an ____ that protects them

A

outer wall

58
Q

which is easier to kill: gram-p or gram-n bacteria?

A

gram-positive

59
Q

lag phase:

A

no growth of microorganisms because they are getting used to their new environment

60
Q

log phase

A

most rapid growth occurs here

61
Q

stationary phase

A

growth slows down because of lack of nutrients, toxins, and bacterial death

62
Q

death phase

A

growth stops and cells die

63
Q

anabolism undergoes ___ reaction

A

condensation

64
Q

catabolism undergoes ___ reaction

A

hydrolysis

65
Q

which structure is responsible for the INITIAL transference of proteins?

A

ER

66
Q

which structure sorts and transports proteins?

A

golgi apparatus

67
Q

what is the first form of study in a new area of scientific study?

A

descriptive studies

68
Q

in an oxidation reaction, the oxidizing agent ___ electrons

A

gains

69
Q

where is the type of RNA that carries and positions amino acids for further assembly located in the cell?

A

cytoplasm

70
Q

where is the DNA and mitochondria located on the sperm?

A

Midpiece and head

ATI TEAS (6 decks)

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