Biology Flashcards
Hierarchical organizational system for nomenclature order
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Scientific method
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Scientific process
Carbohydrates are
Polymers (sugars)
What are the functions of carbohydrates
Storage
Structure
Energy
What is the backbone of carbohydrates
DNA and RNA
Lipids are better known as
Fats
Lipids are specifically
Fatty acids
Phospholipids
Steroids
What categories are fatty acids grouped in?
Saturated fats
Unsaturated fats
Saturated fats contain
No double bonds in their hydrocarbon tail
Unsaturated fats contain
One or more double bonds
Saturated fats are
Solids
Cardiovascular problems are likely associated with diets containing high quantities of saturated fats
Unsaturated fats are
Liquids at room temperature
Phospholipids consist of
Two fatty acids of varying length bonded to a phosphate group
How is the phosphate group in water
It is charged and, therefore, polar and soluble in water
The hydrocarbon tail in fatty acids are
No polar and non-soluble in water
What is the significant contributor to proteins
Cellular function
DNA
A unique molecule specific to a particular organism and contains the code that is necessary for replication
RNA
Used in transfer of information from DNA to protein level and as a messenger in most species of the genetic code
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism
Metabolic pathways
In a cell, reactions take pace in a series of steps, progressing from a standpoint of high energy to low energy. All reactions are catalyzed by the use of enzymes
What is the fundamental unit of biology
The cell
What are the 2 types of cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
What do prokaryotic cells lack
Lack a defined nucleus and do not contain membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells
Have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and a series of membrane-bound organelles that carry out the functions of the cell
More complex of the 2 cells
Chromosomes
Contains the DNA of the cellin organized masses
Ribosomes
Organelles that read the RNA produced in the nucleus and translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Membranousorganelle found attached to the nuclear membrane and consists of 2 continuous parts
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Its responsible for protein synthesisand membrane production
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Lacks ribosomes
It functions in the detoxification and metabolism of multiple molecules
Golgi apparatus
Transports proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell
Lysosomes
Intracellular digestion takes place
Packed with hydrolytic enzymes
Can hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars,and nucleic acids
Normally contain anacidio environment (around ph 4.5)
Vacuoles
Membrane-enclosed structures
Phagocytosis
Uptake food through the cell membrane, creating a food vacuole
Functions for plant cells that have a central vacuole
Storage
Waste disposal
Protection
Hydrolysis
Mitochondria
Found in eukaryotic cells
The site of cellular respiration
Chloroplasts
Found in plants
The site of photosynthesis
What is the most important component of acell
Cellular membrane
Functions of cellular membrane
Protection
Communication
Passage of substances into and out of the cell
Cellular membrane
Consists of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins peppered throughout
Energy currency of the cell
ATP
NADH
Acts as a reducing agent and is a vehicle of stored energy
Used as a precursor to produce greater amounts of ATP in the final steps of respiration
Glycolysis
First step in the metabolism of food to cellular energy is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate
Glycolysis
Takes place in the cytosol of the cell and produces two molecules of ATP, private, and NADH each
Citric acid cycle
Also called the krebs cycle
In step two, pyruvate is transported into a mitochondria and used in the first of a series of reactions
Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion
For a single consumed glucose molecule, two ATP molecules, six molecules of Carbon dioxide, and six NADH molecules are produced
Electron transport chain
The third step begins with the oxidation of the NADH molecules to produce oxygen and finally to produce water in a series of steps
Electron transport chain
For every glucose molecule, 28 to 32 ATP molecules can be produced.
This conversion resultsin overall ATP production numbers of 32 to 36 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule consumed
Photosynthesis
It began with a glucose molecule and resulted in a large production of energy in the form of ATP. A precursor to the glucose molecule is produced in a process called
Cells reproduce by 3 different processes, all of which fall into two categories:
Asexual and sexual reproduction
What are the 2 types of asexual reproduction
Binary fission and mitosis
Involves bacterial cell
The chromosome binds to the plasma membrane where it replicates.
Then as the cell grows, it pinches in two, producing two identical cells
Binary fission
This process of cell division occurs in 5 stages
The stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Mitosis
This process of cell division occurs in five stages before pinching in two in a process called
Cytokinesis
During what stage of mitosis does the chromosomes are visibility separate, and each duplicated chromosome has two noticeable sister chromatids.
Prophase
The nuclear envelop begins to disappear, and the chromosomes begin to attach to the spindle that is forming along the axis of the cell
Prometaphase
All the chromosomes align along the center of the cell
Metaphase
Chromosomes start to separate, and the chromatids are considered separate chromosomes
Anaphase
Chromosomes gather on either side of the now separating cell
Telophase
The cell pinches in two, forming two separate identical cells
Cytokinesis
Two cells contribute genetic material, resulting in significantly greater variation. These two cells find and fertilize each other randomly, making it virtually impossible for cells to be alike
Sexual reproduction
The process that determines how reproductive cells divide in a sexually reproducing organism
Meiosis
Meiosis consists of two distinct stages:
Result in 4 daughter cells
Meiosis 1 and meiosis 2
Each of these daughter cells contains half as many chromosomes as the parent. Preceding these events is a period called:
Interphase
During this phase, the chromosomes are duplicated and the cell prepares for division
Interphase
There are two alternative versions of a gene called:
Alleles
Two types of of genes are
Dominant and recessive
If both of the alleles are the same type, the gene is
Homozygous
If the genes are different types, the organism is said to be:
Heterozygous
This is the genetic material of a cell and is the vehicle of inheritance
DNA
Watson and Crick describe this structure. They described a double helical structure that contains the four nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
DNA
Each gene along a strand of DNA is a template for protein synthesis
Transcription
A RNA strand, complementary to the original strand of DNA, is produced
Messenger RNA
mRNA
MRNA functions as a messenger from the original DNA helix in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytosol or on the rough ER. Here, the ribosome acts as the site of what?
Translation
The mRNA slides through the ribosome. Every group of three bases along the stretch of RNA is called a
Codon
Carries a specific amino acid. It binds to the ribosome when its codon is sliding through the ribosome.
Transfer RNA
tRNA
The chain is released into the cytoplasm and the protein folds onto itself and forms its complete conformation
Stop codon
Provides a baseline reference point for areas of the body. The body is erect, the feet are slightly apart, the head is held high, the arms are at the side, and the palms of the hands are facing forward.
Anatomical position
Divides the body into right and left sides
Sagittal
Divides the body into equal right and left halves
Midsagittal
Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
Frontal
Coronal
Divides the body into superior and inferior sections
Transverse
Horizontal
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Anterior
Front
Posterior
Toward the back
Medial
Toward the midline
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment of the extremity of the trunk
Distal
Farther away from the point of attachment of the extremity of the trunk
Superficial
Closer to or at the surface of the body
Deep
Further into the body
Includes the cranial and spinal cavity
Dorsal Cavity
Includes the thoracic and a domino pelvic cavities
Ventral cavity
The study of cells
Cytology
The basic unit of life, and the building block of tissues and organs
Cell
What are the major parts of a cell?
Plasma membrance, cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles
What synthesizes proteins
Ribosomes
What has ribosomes for synthesizing proteins
Rough ER
What synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
Smooth ER
What packages substances from the ER
Golgi apparatus
What synthesizes ATP and is the powerhouse of cells
Mitochondria
What is the body’s energy molecule
ATP
What digests molecules such as pathogens and worn out cell parts
Lysosomes
What is necessary for growth and repair. In this process of cell division, DNA is duplicated and distributed evenly to two identical daughter cells
Mitosis
The special cell division that takes place in the gonads, which are the ovaries and testes
Meiosis
The study of tissues
Histology
What is a group of cells that act together to perform specific functions
Tissues
What are the 4 types of tissues
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nervous
This type of tissue covers, lines, and protects the body, and its internal organs
Epithelial
This is the most abundant tissue in the body. It forms the framework of the body, providing support and structure for the organs. Includes fibrous, bone, cartilage, and blood
Connective tissue
What types of tissues are fibrous tissue
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Dense
Is composed of neurons, which initiate and conduct nerve impulses
Nervous tissue
Initiate and conduct nerve impulses and connective tissue cells
Support the neurons
Neuroglia
Has the ability to contract or shorten, as well as to lengthen.Classified as voluntary or involuntary
Muscle tissue
What types of tissue are voluntary in muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle
What types of tissue are involuntary in muscle tissue
Smooth
Cardiac
Consists of the skin and its structures and organs such as hair, nails, and sensory receptors
Integumentary system
The outermost protective layer made of dead, keratinized epithelial cells
Epidermis
The underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and the associated skin structures.
Dermis
The dermis rests on the subcutaneous tissue. It connects the skin to the underlying muscles and bones
Hypodermis
Superficial fascia
Layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulisum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum/ stratum basale
Waterproofs the skin
Keratin
produce the pigment melanin, which darkens the skin to protect against radiation from the sun
Melanocytes
Are most widely distributed and regulate body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin
Eccrine sweat glands
Mainly found in the axilla and inguinal regions. This sweat is thicker because it contains bots of cytoplasm from the secreting cells . This cell debris attracts bacteria, and the presence of the bacteria on the skin results in body odor
Apocrine sweat glands
Releases an oily secretion called sebum through hair follicles, it lubricates the skin and prevents drying. These glands are susceptible to becoming clogged and attracting bacteria, particularly during adolescence, resulting in acne.
Sebaceous glands
Functions of the skeletal system are
Support
Movement
Blood cell formation (hemopoiesis)
Protection of internal organs
Provision of muscle attachment sites
Mineral storage, especially calcium and phosphorus
What are the two types of bone tissue
Compact
Spongy
Compact bone tissue
Dense tissue
Spongy bone tissue
Cancellous
Forms the outer layer of the all bones
Compact bone
Contains a latticework of plates of bone with spaces in between; this latticework is called trabeculae
Spongy bone
Fills the spaces and it the site of hemopoiesis
Red bone marrow
Cells that form bone tissue
Osteoblasts
They become fixed in the dense bone matrix, then stop dividing but continue to maintain bone tissue
Osteocytes
break down bone tissue
Osteoclasts
What bones are classified by shape
Long
Short
Flat
Sesamoid
Irregular
Has an epiphysis at each end of bone. Is the site of bone growth in length
Long bone
Shaft of long bone
Diaphysis
Composed mainly of compact bone surrounding a hollow center
Filled with yellow marrow or fat
Medullary cavity
Consists of the skull, vertebral column, 12 pairs of ribs, and sternum
Axial skeleton
Includes the should and hip girdles, and the extremities
Appendicular skeleton
Produce movement by contracting in response to nervous stimulation
Muscles
Each muscle cell, or ,uncle fiber, consists of myofibrils divided into segments called
Sarcomeres
What contains the myofilament actin, a thin protein, and myosin, a thick protein
Sacromeres
The myosin binds to the actin, and pulls it toward the center of the sarcomere
Sliding filament model
What is it called when a muscle performs a given movement
Agonist
Prime mover
What is it called when a muscle produces the opposite movement of the agonist or prime mover?
Antagonist
Other muscles that work in cooperation with the prime mover are called
Synergists
Reduces the angle at a joint
Flexor
Increase the angle of a joint
Extensors
Draw a limb away from the midline
Abductors
Return the limb back toward the body
Adductors
Consists of the brain, spinal cords, and the nerves
Nervous system
Comprises the spinal cord and brain
CNS
Central nervous system
Composed of all other nerves in the body, namely cranial nerves and peripheral nerves.
PNS
The PNS is further divided into the
Somatic nervous system
Involves the skin, muscles, bones, and joints
Somatic nervous system
Controls the functions such as digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, and urination
Autonomic nervous system
The two divisions of the autonomic system are the
Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division
Rest and digest
Parasympathetic system
Fight or flight
Sympathetic system
Enables perception (seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and touching) of many of the changes that take place in the external and internal environments, and response to those changes
Responsible for thinking, reasoning, remembering, and carrying out other abstract activities.
Initiates body movements by skeletal muscles by supplying them with nerve impulses that cause contraction
Works closely with the endocrine glands, correlating and integrating body functions such as digestion and reproduction
The nervous system
The functional units of the nervous system
Neurons
Nerve cells
The main parts of a neuron are
Axon
Cell body
Dendrites
What transmit the impulse toward the cell body
Dendrites
What transmits the impulse away from the cell body
Axons
What transmits nerve impulses toward the CNS
Sensory neurons (afferent)
What transmits nerve impulse away from the CNS toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands, and digestive organs
Motor neurons (efferent)
What are the four main parts of the brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Associated with sensory interpretation, movement, thinking, and personality
Cerebrum
Responsible for muscular coordination
Cerebellum
Contains the thalamus, which routes incoming sensory information to the appropriate part of the cerebrum, and the hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Monitors many of the conditions of the body, controls the autonomic nervous system, and interacts with the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate
Brainstem
What is approximately 18 inches long and extends from the Brainstem to the first or second lumbar vertebra (L1 or L2)
31 pairs of spinal nerves exit this
Spinal cord
A quick, automatic response to a stimulus
Nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain
Reflex
Simple spinal reflex
Has more long-lasting and widespread effects than the nervous system
Plays important roles in growth and sexual maturation.
Endocrine system
Governs the pituitary and is in turn controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood as well as other conditions in the body
Hypothalamus
Widely distributed
Grouped together as a system because the main function of each gland is the production of hormones
Endocrine glands
These are chemical messengers that control the growth, differentiation, and metabolism of specific target cells
Hormones
The two major groups of hormones are
Steroid and nonsteroid hormones
These enter the target cells and have a direct effect on the DNA in the nucleus
Steroid hormones
These hormones remain at the cell surface and act through a second messenger, usually a substance called adenosine monophosphate, AMP
Nonsteroid hormones
What affects cell activity by altering the rate of photo synthesis
Hormones
What is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called infundibulum
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland had 2 major portions called
Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
Hormones also called tropic hormones
Act mainly on other endocrine glands
Include STH or GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH
Adenohypophysis
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Stimulates growth in all organs
STH
GH
Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones
ACTH
Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones
TSH
Stimulates secretion of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogens in females; stimulates sperm production in males
FSH
Triggers ovulation in females; stimulates secretion of testosterone in males
LH
Hormones released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland are
Oxytocin
ADH
Stimulates uterine contractions during labor; stimulates milky ejection from the mammary glands; also known as the bonding hormone
Oxytocin
Stimulates retention of water by the kidneys
ADH
Secretes thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism, and calcitonin which decreases blood calcium levels
Thyroid gland
Secrete parathyroid hormone, which increases blood calcium levels
Parathyroid glands
Cortex secrets cortisol, medulla secretes adrenaline, which intensifies the sympathetic response
Adrenal glands
Secretes insulin, which decreases blood glucose levels, and glucagon, which increase blood glucose levels
Pancreas
Ovaries secrete estrogen, which develop and maintain female sexual characteristics and progesterone, which maintains pregnancy; testes secret testosterone, which develops and maintains male sexual characteristics
Gonads
Sometimes called the “stress hormone”
Reduces inflammation
Raises blood sugar levels
Inhibits the release of histamine during long-term stress
Cortisol
What transports oxygen, nutrients, enzymes, and hormones to body cells and carries away carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.
Blood
Whole blood consists of what?
55% plasma (liquid portion)
45% formed elements (cells and cell fragments)
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
Leukocytes
White blood cells
Thrombocytes
Platelets
All the formed elements are produced from stem cells in what?
Red bone marrow
What is erythrocytes functions
Transports oxygen
Made of protein and iron
Hemoglobin
Distinguished on the basis on size, appearance of the nucleus, staining properties, and presence or absence of visible cytoplasmic granules
Leukocytes
Agranular leukocytes are
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are involved in
Phagocytosis, defense against parasites, and inflammation
Granular leukocytes are
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes are involved in
Antibody production, cellular immune responses, and phagocytosis
What is a double pump that sends blood to the lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary circuit, and to the remainder of the body through the systemic circuit.
Deoxygenated blood returning from the body is received by the right atrium, which sends it to the right ventricle
The right ventricle pumps this blood into the pulmonary arteries, which travel to the lungs ad returns to the left atrium of the heart.
The oxygenated blood then enters the left ventricle, which pumps it into the aorta to be transported throughout the body.
Heart
What regulates blood flow
Heart valves
What is between the right atrium and right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
What is between the left ventricle and left atrium
Bicuspid or mitral valve
What is between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk (which splits into the pulmonary arteries)
Pulmonary semilunar valve
What is between the left ventricle and the aorta
Aortic semilunar valve
Supplies the heart muscles (myocardium) by the coronary arteries
Drains from the myocardium directly into the right atrium through the coronary sinus
Blood
The heart has an intrinsic beat initiated by what and is transmitted along the conduction system through the myocardium
Sinoatrial node
The period from the end of one contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction
Cardiac cycle
The contraction phase of the cycles is called
Systole
The relaxation phase is called
Diastole
Includes arteries that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, veins that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart, and the capillaries
Vascular system
The smallest of vesicles
The sites of exchange of water, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues
Capillaries
What begins the with aorta, which sends branches to all parts of the body
Systemic arteries
As arteries get farther away from the heart, what happens
They get thinner and thinner
The smallest arteries are called
Arterioles
Small veins are called
Venules
What drains blood from the capillaries and send it to the veins
Venules
What are the largest veins that empty into the right atrium of the heart
Superior and inferior vena cava
The walls are thick and elastic
They carry blood under high pressure
Arteries
This results from contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterial walls
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
These changes influence blood pressure and blood distribution to the tissues
The walls of the veins are thinner and less elastic than those of the arteries
They carry blood under lower pressure
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
What system includes components of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs with their alveoli, diaphragm, and muscles surrounding the ribs
Respiratory system
Respiration is controlled by the respiratory control center in the
Brainstem
What supplies oxygen to the body and eliminates carbon dioxide
Respiratory system
What refers to the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli
External respiration
What refers to the exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells
Internal respiration
These passageways serve to warm, filter, and moisten incoming air through mucous membranes and the movement of cilia
The upper passageways
What requires the contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the thoracic cavity and draw air into the lungs
Inhalation
What is a passive process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size
Exhalation
What is releases from hemoglobin as the concentration of oxygen drops in the tissues
Oxygen
What is carried on hemoglobin cells but most is converted to bicarbonate ion in the blood
Carbon dioxide
Since hydrogen bonds are released, carbon dioxide is a regulator of what in the respiratory system
Blood pH
What is a tube that consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
Digestive system
What are the four main layers in the digestive tract from innermost to outer
Mucous membrane
Submucous layer
Muscular layer
Serous layer
What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract
Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Food is ingested into the mouth where it is mechanically broken down by teeth and tongue in the process of what
Mastication (chewing)
What is produced by the 3 pairs of salivary glands, lubricates and dilutes chewed food
Saliva
Saliva contains an enzyme called what that starts that digestion of complex carbohydrates
Amylase
A ball of food is call
Bolus
What is a narrow tube leading from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
What enters the stomach where gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid that unwinds proteins so that the enzyme pepsin can digest them. The layers of muscle in the stomach will churn and mix the bolus of food with gastric secretions, turning the mass into a soupy substance called chyme, which enters the small intestine
Food
A mass turned into a soupy substance
Chyme
The majority of digestion and absorption of food occur in the what
Small intestine
What are the 3 major regions that are in the small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
What is made by the liver, and stored in the gallbladder, empties into the small intestine to emulsify fats
Bile
Secretions from what buffer the acidic chyme from the stomach, and contain enzymes such as lipase that digests fats, amylase that continues carbohydrate digestion, and protein-digesting enzymes
Pancreas
This intestine also secretes digestive enzymes that finish digesting carbohydrates into monosaccharides, and protein-digesting enzymes
Small intestine
After digestion, what is absorbed through the walls of the small intestine
Nutrients
Small finger-like projections
Villi
Increase the surface area of the intestinal wall
Villi
Most of the fats are absorbed into the lymph also known as
Lacteals
Which intestine reabsorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food
Large intestine
What is the abundant bacteria in the large intestine called
Intestinal flora
What are the 5 portions of the large intestine
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
What is the opening for defecation (expelling of feces)
Anus
What consists of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a urinary bladder, and the urethra.
Urinary system
What filters blood in the urinary system
Kidneys
What are tubes that transport urine to the urinary bladder where urine is stored before urination through the urethra to the outside
Ureters
What are the functional units of the kidneys
Nephrons
What small coiled tubes filters wastes out of the blood brought to the kidney by the renal artery
Nephrons
Where does the actually filtration process occur under the force of blood pressure through the glomerulus?
Bowman’s capsule of the nephron
As the glomerular filtrate passes through the nephron, components needed by the body, such as water, glucose, and ions, leave the nephron by diffusion and reenter the blood. Water is reabsorbed at the tubules of the nephron. The final product produced by the millions of nephrons per kidney is what?
Urine
The male and female sex organs (the testes and ovaries) produce what?
Gametes (sex cells)
Reproductive activity is what in women but continuous in men
Cyclic
In males, what is developed within the seminiferous tubules of each testis.
Spermatozoa
The interstitial fluid between the seminiferous tubules produce what
Testosterone
What influences sperm cell development and also produces the male secondary sex characteristics such as increased facial hair and body hair as well as voice deepening.
The male hormone
Once produced, sperm is matured and stored in what?
Epididymis of each testis
During what is the pathway for the sperm that includes the vas deferens, ejactulatory duct, and the urethra.
Ejaculation
Along the pathway are glands that produce the transport medium or semen. These include what?
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
Testicular activity is under the control of 2 anterior pituitary hormones that are?
FSH- regulates sperm production
LH- stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone
In females, each month, under the influence of FSH, several eggs ripen within the ovarian follicles in what?
Ovary
What is produced by the follicle that initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy
Estrogen
At approximately day 14 of the cycle, a surge of LH is released from the pituitary gland, which stimulates what?
Ovulation and the conversion of the follicle to the corpus luteum
What secretes the hormones progesterone and estrogen, which further stimulate development of the endometrium
Corpus luteum
After ovulation, the egg is swept into what
The oviduct or fallopian tube
Fertilization occurs in the what?
Oviduct
Fallopian tube
If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum remains what
Functional
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum
Degenerates and menstruation beings
This travels to the uterus and implants itself within the endometrium
Fertilized egg or zygote
During pregnancy, hormone from the placenta maintain what
Endometrium and prepare the mammary glands for breast milk production
