Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

In cats, black colour is caused by an X-linked allele at this locus cases orange colour. The heterozygote is tortoise-shell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of black female and orange male?

A

Tortoise Shell female; Black male

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2
Q

Which of the following show 9+0 arrangement of microtubular triplets?

A

Centrioles and basal bodies

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3
Q

Which of the following belongs to the tertiary hair?

A

-none of the answers is correct

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4
Q

The maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out during a single breath is called?

A

Vital capacity

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5
Q

Gene transcription takes place in?

A

Mitochondria and Nucleus

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6
Q

The outer to inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is?

A

Ectoderm -> mesoderm -> endoderm

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7
Q

Select the most correct statement?

A

The formation of a sperm is known as spermatogenesis

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8
Q

select the statement that best describes the DNA replication fork?

A

The leading strand can be synthesized in a continuos process from a singel RNA primer

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9
Q

select the statement that best describes the DNA replication fork?

A

The leading strand can be synthesized in a continuos process from a singel RNA primer

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10
Q

The leading and the lagging DNA strands differ in that?

A

the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is syntheszied in the opposite direction

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11
Q

Select the statement that most correctly describes function of hormones secreted by the pancreas?

A

glucose regulation

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12
Q

Select the statement that most correctly describes the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleoli are dense staining areas and one or more of them can be present

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13
Q

The process of capturing a substance or particle from the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane is?

A

Endocytosis

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14
Q

The structure of the neuron that conducts impulses from the cell body is?

A

Axon

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15
Q

The site of ribosomal subunit assembly is?

A

Nucleolus

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16
Q

Mutations will typically ……. the genetic diversity in a population:

A

Increase

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17
Q

Select the statement that most correctly describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Bacterial cells can exist as independent unicellular organisms or part of multicellular organisms

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18
Q

Select the statement that most correctly describes the genetic code:

A

There are 64 amino-acid coding codons

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19
Q

Where is the majority of water reabsorbed?

A

Proximale tubule of nephron

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20
Q

Select the statement that most correctly describes the process of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes are maximally condensed at the end of metaphase

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21
Q

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane and mitochondria. It could be following cell?

A

a plant or an animal cell

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22
Q

Which of the following vitamins are recommended to be taken with fats?

A

Vitamin A and D

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23
Q

Select the statement that most correctly describes immunity?

A

All immune system responses are specific

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24
Q

Select the statement that most correctly describes cellular microfilaments?

A

Actin mediates fibroblast movement via rearrrangerment of its flagments

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25
Q

Picture showes chromosomes in eucaryotic cell. Recognise and name the phases of the cell cycle in the picture:

A

Anaphase

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26
Q

Select the statement that most correctly describes meiosis?

A

During the prophase I crossing over takes place

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27
Q

?????

A

Xrecesif

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28
Q

Select the most probable statement:

A

Conjugation is referred to as the bacterial equivalent of sexual process

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29
Q

Alternate forms and a gene having the same position a pair of chromosomes and affecting the same trait are called?

A

Alleles

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30
Q

Identical twins usually result from fertilisation of:

A

none of the answers is correct

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31
Q

An achondroplastic dwarf man with normal vision marries a colour-blind women of normal height. The mans father was 6 feet tall, and both womans parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, blindness is X-linked recessive. What proportion of their male children would be colour-blind and normal height?

A

None of the answers is correct

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32
Q

Which of these associtations is mismatched?

A

-right ventrivle- pulmonary

-left ventricle -aorta

-inferior vena cava- right atrium

-Superior vena cava- right atrium

-all answers are correct

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33
Q

The thin filaments of a muscle fibre are made up of:

A

Actin

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34
Q

In which of the following would you usually find telomeres?

A

Human Chromsomes

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35
Q

All offspring of a white hen and a black rooster are gray. The simplest explanation of this pattern of inheritance is:

A

incomplete dominance

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36
Q

Which of the following organs and their main functions are correctly paired?

A

Liver: synthesis of insulin

Gallbladder: bile storage

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37
Q

The F1 offspring of Mendel`s classic pea cross always looked like one of the two parental varieties because:

A

one phenotype was completely dominant over another

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38
Q

Which of the following bones doesn`t take part on the formation of the orbit?

A

Ethmoid Bone

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39
Q

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

A

ribosome

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40
Q

In sickle-cell disease, a single subsititution of an A by T on the B-globin gene causes the resultant protein to have altered properties, but to be of normal size. Select the term that most accurately describes this type of mutation?

A

Missense mutation

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41
Q

Diploid cell has 18 chromosomes. If a pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate during anaphase of meioses II, what will be the chromosome number of the four resulting gametes?

A

10; 8; 9; 9

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42
Q

Which is the fundamental difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?

A

Presence of the nucleus enveloped by a membrane

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43
Q

Which of the following historical dates is correct?

A

The birth of the first cloned animal -Dolly the sheep- was published in 1997

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44
Q

The structure of deoxyribonucleic acid was discovered in 1953 by:

A

J.D Watson and F.Crick

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45
Q

The ability to reproduce themselves is a property that viruses share with living systems. Viruses can therefore replicate:

A

Only in a metabolically active cell

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46
Q

Which order of living systems by their level of organisation is correct?

A

Cell→organ→organism→community of organisms

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47
Q

Which of the following are classeified as non-cellular organisms?

A

Bacteriophages

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48
Q

Which of the following statements on HIV and its hosts is false?

A

HIV infects T-lymphocytes, i.e the cell relasting antibodies into blood plasma

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49
Q

Which of the following statements is false?

A

The closed blood circulation system was discovered by K. Landsteiner

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50
Q

The rate of simple diffusion across the plasma membrane depends on:

A

concentration gradient

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51
Q

DNA is present in?

A

Mitochondria

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52
Q

A differentiated cell of an organisms and the zygote this organism developed from are characterised by:

A

Identical Genomes

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53
Q

Which of the following mechanisms of neural exitation is true?

A

Changes in neuron plasma membrane permeability for Na+ and K+ ions

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54
Q

Which of the following is the regular component of a bacterial cell?

A

Cell Wall

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55
Q

Which is the correct order of cell cycle phases?

A

G1 –> S –> G2 –> M

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56
Q

Thickness of the plasma membrane is?

A

7,5nm

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57
Q

The flagellum of a eukaryotic cell is similar in ultrastructure to?

A

Cilium

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58
Q

Which of the following is not the product of transcription?

A

DNA

59
Q

Which of the human body cells could be visible with the naked eye?

A

Mature oocyte

60
Q

In which of the following cell structures does protein synthesis take place?

A

Mitochondria and cloroplasts

61
Q

In which of the cell cycle phases does nuclear DNA replicate?

A

S

62
Q

Which of the statements concerning viruses is true?

A

Viruses include only one kind of nucleic acid. either DNA or RNA

63
Q

The primary structure of a protein molecule is determind by a sequence of:

A

Nucleotide triples in mRn

64
Q

Wich of the following statements on the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins is fals?

A

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is termed a structural gene

65
Q

Translation is a process by which genetic informasjon is translated from:

A

mRNA into proteins

66
Q

dexyribonucleotides is complementary to T during DNA replication?

A

A

67
Q

Both the alpha helix and the beta sheet are involved in the arrangement of:

A

Secondary tstructure of proteins

68
Q

RNA synthesic takes place in:

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

69
Q

Transcription is a process by which genetic information is transferred from:

A

DNA to mRNA

70
Q

On transcription of an AAC triplet from DNA, which triplet is formed on a corresponding mRNA?

A

UUG

71
Q

A bacteriophage is

A

Virus that lyses bacteria

72
Q

A flagellum composed of microtubular bundles is responsible for locomotion of:

A

Sperm Cells

73
Q

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that?

A

Functions in chloroplasts and mitochondria

74
Q

When both male and female gonads are present in one and the same organism, we talk about?

A

Hermaphroditism

75
Q

The ladder-like nervous system is found in?

A

Flatworms

76
Q

Amnion is

A

Inner foetal membrane

77
Q

Which of the following images is projected on the retina of a vertebrate eye?

A

Reverse, reduced

78
Q

Transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse is facilitated:

A

In a Chemical way using a mediator

79
Q

Which of the following statements on fungi is not in agreement with the current knowledge?

A

Amitosis is the form of nuclear division typical of fungal cells

80
Q

Antibiotics are the products of:

A

Bacteria and moulds

81
Q

Which of the following diseases is transmitted by the tse-tse fly?

A

Sleeping sickness

82
Q

In his experiments leading to the discovery of genetic laws, J.G. Mendel used the following organism:

A

Pisum sativum

83
Q

Which of the following types of nucleic acids is a carrier of anticodon:

A

tRNA

84
Q

Loss of one nucleotide in a DNA molecule has generally:

A

Greater effect Than nucleotide substitution

85
Q

When crossing individuals with genotypes AaBb and AaBb, the ratio of phenotypes (A,B dominant alleles, a,b recessive alleles) will be as follows:

A

9:3:3:1

86
Q

A chromosome of prokaryotic cells:

A

is made of one, usually circular double-stranded DNA molecule

87
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Is a form of sexuel reproduction in which females produce eggs that develop without fertilisation

88
Q

Transduction is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by:

A

Phage

89
Q

A phenotype is

A

-a set of all observable traits of cell or an organism resulting from an interaction of the environment and the genotype

90
Q

The alleles of a givien gene differ from each other in that:

A

-each carries a different mutation of a given gene

91
Q

Homologous chromosomes:

A

Pair during meiosis

92
Q

An allele is:

A

A alternative form of a Gene found at the same lotus on homologous chromosomes

93
Q

One of Mendel`s key discoveries was that:

A

-organisms had two hereditary factors for all traits

94
Q

Which of the following is true?

A

The recessive allele is expressed only when the dominant allele is missing

95
Q

Which of the following is true?

A

Chromosome banding is a procedure for identification of structural abnormalities in chromosomes

96
Q

Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during:

A

Metaphase

97
Q

In the complete dominance of A over a, the heterozygote Aa has a phenotype

A

Identical with AA

98
Q

The number of diffferent phenotypes in F2 generation of dihybrids with complete dominance (AaBb x AaBb) is:

A

4

99
Q

Gene mutations is:

A

Can be a results of a change in the nucleotide Number of a gene

100
Q

relationship between A and B alleles for the ABO blood group is:

A

Codominance

101
Q

Which blood types can be found in the children whose both parents have O blood groups?

A

O

102
Q

A genotype is

A

The set of all genet of the organism

103
Q

Which of the following statements concering the genetic code is false?

A

Genetic code includs 20 codons to specify 20 amino acids found in proteins

104
Q

Plasmids are

A

Carries of a part genetic informtion in bacteria

105
Q

The karyotype in Down syndrome is characterised by the presence of an extra copy of genetic material on the:

A

Chromosomes 21

106
Q

Genetic transformation is:

A

Alteration og genetic information of a cell following incorporation of foreign DNA

107
Q

Crossing-over is:

A

-Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

108
Q

The part of the human digestive system engaged in food digestion and absorption of nutrients is:

A

Small intestine

109
Q

Human saliva contains enzymes that digest:

A

Starch

110
Q

what is the role for red blood cells?

A

Oxygen transfer

111
Q

In the human heart, semilunar valves are found between:

A

The ventricles and the major arteries

112
Q

Insulin is a hormone that:

A

facilitates glucose metabolism in cells

113
Q

The nerve centre controlling many autonomous functions is located to:

A

Hypothalamus

114
Q

The human eye can perceive light waves in the range of:

A

400 –> 750nm

115
Q

The full prenatal development in humans lasts for?

A

270 days

116
Q

The human thorax has

A

12 pairs of ribs

117
Q

Which of the following responds to a change in body position?

A

Mechanoreseptors

118
Q

The cancer disease of white blood cells is called?

A

Leukemia

119
Q

One mm3 of human blood contains

A

5.10(6) erythrocytes

120
Q

Insulin is produced in the pancreas in response to

A

an increase in the glucose plasma level

121
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is provided by

A

T - lymphocytes

122
Q

The human spinal column consists of the following vertebrae:

A

7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral and coccyx

123
Q

Which of the following statements is false?

A

The human skeleton is made up of more than 300 bones of all shapes and sizes

124
Q

Human being can perceive sound at frequencies?

A

Between 16 and 20 000 Hz

125
Q

The principle of blood clotting in vertebrates is based on:

A

conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

126
Q

Platelets are:

A

cytoplasmic fragments of large bone marrow cells

127
Q

What blood volume the heart of a human adult at rest can pump into the pulmonary circulation in one minute?

A

5L

128
Q

direct source of energy for muscle contraction comes from:

A

Glucose

129
Q

the most important immediate source of energy for humans includes:

A

Sugars

130
Q

Amylase is the enzyme that digests:

A

Starch

131
Q

Bile is produced in:

A

Liver

132
Q

The oldest paleontological evidence suggesting the existence of living cells is found in sediments:

A

3.7 billion years old

133
Q

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis lived:

A

200.000 –> 30.000 years ago

134
Q

The human species continues to exist owing to:

A

Reproduction of individuals

135
Q

Darwin postulated that major factor influencing evolution:

A

Is natural selection

136
Q

The first eukaryotic cells appeared about 1.5 billion years ago. This conclusion was drawn from:

A

-Age of the sediments in which the fossil remains of algal cells were detected by microscopy

137
Q

Darwin`s theory of Evolution is concerned primarily with:

A

Origin of species

138
Q

Australopithecus africanus is thought to have been a direct ancestor of modern humans. Which of the following facts concerning Australopithecus is not in agreement with paleontollogical evidence?

A

He used of Stone tools

139
Q

Ecological niche of a species:

A

Is a space which the species occupies in its ecosystem

140
Q

All organisms living together in area constitute

A

Biocenose

141
Q

Plants utilise for photosynthesis:

A

Visible light

142
Q

Which of the following gases is responsible for the greenhouse effect?

A

CO2

143
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the lymph fluid is false?

A

Lymph fluid is produced in lymph nodes