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Science 10 Final Exam > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleus

A

The Control Center of the Cell
-the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes

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2
Q

Nucleolus

A

a spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes.

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3
Q

Cell Membrane

A

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.
-disposes waste
-holds the cell together
-protects cell from outside threatens
-phospholipid Bi-layer

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4
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The large network consisting of protein fibers and other molecules that gives shape and structure to cells in the body

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell.
-Suspends the organelles
-80% water

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6
Q

Vacuole

A

a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.

Storage Containers of the Cells

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7
Q

Lysosomes

A

A membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes

They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria.
-Disposal

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A

an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur

-Powerhouse of the Cell
-Produces most of the ATP

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9
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Idk man transportation ig
-The highway of the Cells

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10
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

An organelle that acts as the packaging center of the cell. It takes in protein, modifies it, and then places it in shipping containers called vesicles.
-Transports

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

An intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell
-Placed on the Rough ER
-makes proteins

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12
Q

ATP

A

A substance present in all living cells that provides energy for many metabolic processes and is involved in making RNA

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13
Q

What three organelles are only present in plants

A

-Cell wall
-Chloroplast
-A large Central Vacuole (found in both but much larger in plants)

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14
Q

Cell Wall

A

A rigid membrane surrounding the cell. It gives structure and support to plants

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15
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis.
-Creates the green pigment that makes the colour for the leaves (Chlorophyll)
-Uses energy from the sun to carry out photosynthesis

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16
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • A bacteria cell
  • Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles
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17
Q

The two forms of transport

A

Active Transport
-moving materials from low concentration to high concentration
-requires additional energy (supplied by ATP)

Passive Transport
-moving materials from high concentration to low concentration
-no energy needed

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18
Q

Methods of Passive Transportation

A

Methods of Passive Transportation:
-Diffusion
-Facilitated diffusion
-Osmosis

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19
Q

Regular Diffusion

A

a physical process that refers to the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration

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20
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

the passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane via the aid of a membrane protein

21
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell’s semipermeable membrane

22
Q

Methods of Active Transportation

A

Methods of Active Transportation:
-Protein Pumps
-Endocytosis
-Exocytosis

23
Q

Protein Pumps

A

transmembrane proteins that actively move ions against the gradient of concentration across membranes

24
Q

Endocytosis

A

a process by which cells absorb external material by engulfing it with the cell membrane

25
Q

Exocytosis

A

Exocytosis is the process of moving materials from within a cell to the exterior of the cell

26
Q

Hypertonic

A

When a solution has a high solute concentration and low water concentration

When animals cells are exposed to hypertonic solutions they shrink and shrivel up
When plant cells are exposed to hypertonic their central vacuole loses water. Plasmolysis occurs and the cells contract

27
Q

Hypotonic

A

When a solution has a low solute concentration and a high water concentration

When animal cells are exposed to hypotonic solutions they expand and even burst (cytolysis)
When plant cells are exposed to hypotonic conditions the central vacuole takes on extra water but does not burst due to the cell wall. Creating Turgor Pressure

28
Q

Single Celled Organisms

A

Single Celled Organisms are made up of only one cell that carries out all of the functions needed by the organism

-“Jack of all trades, master of none”

29
Q

Multicellular

A

Multicellular organisms are composed of more than one cell, with groups of cells differentiating to take on specialized functions
-Cell differentiation (specialization)
-division of labour

30
Q

The types of tissues in a plant that compose roots, stems and leaves

A

-Dermal/Epidermal Tissue
-Ground Tissue
-Vascular Tissue

31
Q

Dermal/Epidermal Tissue

A

Dermal tissue refers to the plant epidermis, the outer layer of tissue that surrounds the primary body of vascular plants
- 1 Cell Thick
-responsible for gas/matter exchange
-protects the plant from injury and water loss

Consists of: Leaves, Stems, Cuticle and Root dermal

32
Q

Ground Tissue

A

-Forms the bulk of the plant body
-Used for storing food and providing physical support to the plant

33
Q

Vascular Tissue

A

the tissue in higher plants that constitutes the vascular system, consisting of phloem and xylem, by which water and nutrients are conducted throughout the plant.

34
Q

Xylem

A

Xylem transports and stores water and water-soluble nutrients in vascular plants
-Dead cells to make them hallow

35
Q

Phloem

A

Phloem is responsible for transporting sugars, proteins, and other organic molecules in plants.

36
Q

Cohesion

A

The attraction of water molecules to eachother

37
Q

Adhesion

A

The attraction of water to a surface

38
Q

Root Pressure

A

Water enters the roots by osmosis then creates a higher pressure in the roots, forcing water up

39
Q

Transpiration Pull

A

As transpiration takes place the water molecules evaporating create a pull on the adjacent water molecules due to the strong collective and adhesive forces

the force aids in drawing the water upward from roots to leaves

40
Q

Glucose Transport

A

Glucose transported from the leaves to the roots through the phloem

41
Q

Pressure Flow Theory

A

It proposes that water containing food molecules flows under pressure through the phloem.
The pressure is created by the difference in water concentration of the solution in the phloem and the relatively pure water in the nearby xylem ducts.

42
Q

Stomata

A

Holes on underside of leaf used for gas exchange

43
Q

Lenticels

A

Pores in the tree stems that allow gas exchange

44
Q

Cuticle Layer

A

A protective film covering the outermost skin layer of the leaves

It protects plants against drought, extreme temperatures, UV radiation, chemical attack, mechanical injuries, and pathogen/pest infection.

45
Q

Upper and Lower Epidermis Layer

A

Outermost layer

The epidermis and its waxy cuticle provide a protective barrier against mechanical injury, water loss, and infection

46
Q

Palisade Mesophyll Layer

A

-Where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the leaf
-Contains most of the chloroplast to help them perform photosynthesis

47
Q

Spongy Mesophyll Layer

A

-The site of gaseous exchange for photosynthesis and respiration.
-loosely packed cells with large air spaces between them.
-The air spaces allow movement and exchange of gases, specifically oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.

48
Q

Meristem

A

region of cells capable of division and growth in plants

49
Q

Auxin

A

A plant hormone which causes the elongation of cells in shoots and is involved in regulating plant growth

Science 10 Final Exam (3 decks)

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