biology Flashcards
watson-crick model
DNA backbone read 5’-3’
antiparallel polarity, double helix
A and G with T and C
A, T, G, C
A and G are purines, pair with C and T pyrimidines
AT: 2 h bonds
GC: 3 h bonds
transcription steps
- helicase and topoisomerase unwind double helix
- RNA polymerase II binds TATA
- hnRNA synthesized
translation steps
- initiation, elongation, termination
- folding by chaperones (post-translational)
DNA polymerase
leading strand: one primer, continuous synthesis
lagging strand: many primers, okazaki fragments
glycolysis product
yields 2 ATP/glucose
glucokinase
glucose sensor in pancreatic B cells
Cell division: G1
cell increases organelles and cytoplasm
cell division: s phase
DNA replication
Mitosis phases
PMAT
meiosis phases
PMAT x2
meiosis crossing over
leads to genetic recombination in prophase 1
liver’s roles in homeostasis
gluconeogenesis
B-oxidation of fatty acids to ketones
urea processing, detoxification of waste/chemicals/drugs
glomerular filtration
passive
osmoregulation: secretion
secretion of acids, bases, ions from interstitial fluid
mantains pH, [waste], [K+]
osmoregulation: reabsorption
essential substances, water flow from filtrate to blood
aldosterone: effect on ions
stimulates Na+ reabsorption
K+ and H+ secretion
aldosterone: increases
water reabsorption, blood volume, blood pressure
anterior pituitary hormones
FLAT PEG
follicle, lutenizing, adrenocorticotropic, thyroid-stimulating, prolactin, endorphins, growth
muscle contraction: action potential
stimulated in sarcolemma
depolarization of membrane
muscle contraction: troponin binds
Ca2+
muscle contraction: acetylcholine
binds AchR to open Na+ channels
Na+ K+ pump
Na+ in
K+ out
somatic nervous system
voluntary control
sensory neurons
