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Science Bee > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Macromolecule

A

Large molecule with many functional components

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2
Q

Elements found in humans

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium

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3
Q

4 classes of bio macromolecules

A

nucleic acid, protein, carbohydrate, lipid

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4
Q

Building block of polymer

A

monomer

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5
Q

polymer

A

many monomers put together

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6
Q

Source of fast energy

A

carbohydrate

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7
Q

Carbohydrate monomer

A

monosaccharide

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8
Q

Lipid function

A

Long term energy, insulation, membrane

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9
Q

Monomers of lipids

A

glycerol, fatty acids

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10
Q

Protein function

A

muscle development, immune system, enzymes, etc.

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11
Q

Protein Monomer

A

Amino Acid

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12
Q

Draw a protein

A

k

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13
Q

Nucleic acid monomer

A

nucleotide

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14
Q

nucleic acid function

A

codes for proteins

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15
Q

Elements: Carb, lipid, protein, nucleic acid

A

CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP

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16
Q

metabolism

A

catabolism + anabolism

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17
Q

anabolism

A

building molecules; requires energy

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18
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down molecules; releases energy

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19
Q

strand of amino acids

A

polypeptide chain

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20
Q

primary structure

A

strand of amino acids

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21
Q

secondary structure

A

folding causes alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

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22
Q

tertiary structure

A

more folding due to side-chain interactions

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23
Q

quaternary structure

A

multiple polypeptide chains

24
Q

enzyme, substrate, product

A

protein that catalyzes reactions, substance that enzyme acts on, result of enzyme + substrate

25
Q

active site

A

spot on enzyme where substrate binds to

26
Q

activation energy

A

energy required to start a reaction

27
Q

enzyme ____ activation energy,

A

decreases

28
Q

exergonic reaction

A

spontaneous; products are lower energy; releases energy

29
Q

endergonic reaction

A

not spontaneous; products are higher energy; requires energy

30
Q

enzyme denaturation

A

shape of enzyme is changed by change in pH or temp; causes the reaction rate to slow or stop

31
Q

point of saturation

A

when all enzymes are taken by substrate

32
Q

buffer

A

an aqueous solution who’s pH does not change when a base or acid is added

33
Q

cell theory

A

all organisms are made of 1+ cells, all cells come from other cells, the cell is the basic unit of life

34
Q

prokaryotic organisms can be _____

A

bacteria and archaea

35
Q

eukaryotic organisms can be _____

A

plants, animals, fungi, protists

36
Q

prokaryotes are ____ while eukaryotes are ____

A

unicellular, multicellular

37
Q

prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have ____ in their cells

A

ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm, membrane

38
Q

plant, prokaryotic, and fungal cells have a ____

A

cell

39
Q

explain how prokaryotes and eukaryotes have different cells

A

eukaryotes are larger, more complex, have a nucleus, and have membrane-bound organelles

40
Q

animal cells have ___ while plant cells do not

A

centriole, lysosome

41
Q

recite the function of: the ribosome, rough er, nucleus, nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, vacuole, smooth er, lysosome, centrosome, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nuclear membrane, vesicle, chloroplast, plant vacuole, cell wall, plastid, plasmid, capsule, nucleoid, flagellum, cilia, pilus

A

k

42
Q

plant cells have ____ while animal cells do not

A

plastid, chloroplast, cell wall

43
Q

recite the function and general information of: glycoprotein, glycolipid, peripheral membrane protein, integral membrane protein, cholesterol, channel protein,

A

k

44
Q

what does a semipermeable membrane do

A

it lets only certain things pass through it

45
Q

____ can easily pass through the semipermeable membrane

A

small nonpolar molecules

46
Q

solute, solution, solvent

A

dissolved particles, solvent + solute, liquid that solute dissolves in

47
Q

concentration, tonicity

A

the relative abundance of something in a certain volume, the measure of the strength of a solute concentration in a solution

48
Q

where does solvent go in osmosis, where does solute go in diffusion

A

high to low concentration, low to high concentration

49
Q

passive transport, active transport

A

movement across the membrane with the concentration gradient and doesn’t require energy, movement across the membrane against the concentration gradient that does require energy

50
Q

2 types of passive transport

A

diffusion, facilitated diffusion

51
Q

isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

A

same concentration, more concentration, less concentration

52
Q

cell specialization, regeneration, stem cells, satellite cell

A

differentiation of cell shape, structure, and function to suit different bodily needs, replacing damaged or lost cells with new ones, an undifferentiated cell, a stem cell responsible for regeneration of muscle

53
Q

why would a stem cell turn into a differentiated cell

A

turning off and on certain segments of DNA

54
Q

an adult stem cell can become ____ things than a child stem cell

A

less

55
Q

chromatin, chromosome, chromatid, centromere

A

unwound DNA, condensed form of DNA, half of a duplicated chromosome, where a duplicated chromosomes meet

56
Q

stages of interphase

A

G1 (cell grows), S (DNA is replicated), G2 (cell grows and organelles are copied)

57
Q

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

A

prophase: chromatin condenses to chromosome, nucleus goes away, spindle apparatus forms
metaphase: chromosomes line up at middle of cell
anaphase: sister chromosomes separate to opposite sides of the cell
telophase: a new nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes
cytokinesis: cell cytoplasm splits into 2 new cells

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