Biology Flashcards
Macromolecule
Large molecule with many functional components
Elements found in humans
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium
4 classes of bio macromolecules
nucleic acid, protein, carbohydrate, lipid
Building block of polymer
monomer
polymer
many monomers put together
Source of fast energy
carbohydrate
Carbohydrate monomer
monosaccharide
Lipid function
Long term energy, insulation, membrane
Monomers of lipids
glycerol, fatty acids
Protein function
muscle development, immune system, enzymes, etc.
Protein Monomer
Amino Acid
Draw a protein
k
Nucleic acid monomer
nucleotide
nucleic acid function
codes for proteins
Elements: Carb, lipid, protein, nucleic acid
CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP
metabolism
catabolism + anabolism
anabolism
building molecules; requires energy
catabolism
breaking down molecules; releases energy
strand of amino acids
polypeptide chain
primary structure
strand of amino acids
secondary structure
folding causes alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
tertiary structure
more folding due to side-chain interactions
quaternary structure
multiple polypeptide chains
enzyme, substrate, product
protein that catalyzes reactions, substance that enzyme acts on, result of enzyme + substrate
active site
spot on enzyme where substrate binds to
activation energy
energy required to start a reaction
enzyme ____ activation energy,
decreases
exergonic reaction
spontaneous; products are lower energy; releases energy
endergonic reaction
not spontaneous; products are higher energy; requires energy
enzyme denaturation
shape of enzyme is changed by change in pH or temp; causes the reaction rate to slow or stop
point of saturation
when all enzymes are taken by substrate
buffer
an aqueous solution who’s pH does not change when a base or acid is added
cell theory
all organisms are made of 1+ cells, all cells come from other cells, the cell is the basic unit of life
prokaryotic organisms can be _____
bacteria and archaea
eukaryotic organisms can be _____
plants, animals, fungi, protists
prokaryotes are ____ while eukaryotes are ____
unicellular, multicellular
prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have ____ in their cells
ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm, membrane
plant, prokaryotic, and fungal cells have a ____
cell
explain how prokaryotes and eukaryotes have different cells
eukaryotes are larger, more complex, have a nucleus, and have membrane-bound organelles
animal cells have ___ while plant cells do not
centriole, lysosome
recite the function of: the ribosome, rough er, nucleus, nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, vacuole, smooth er, lysosome, centrosome, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nuclear membrane, vesicle, chloroplast, plant vacuole, cell wall, plastid, plasmid, capsule, nucleoid, flagellum, cilia, pilus
k
plant cells have ____ while animal cells do not
plastid, chloroplast, cell wall
recite the function and general information of: glycoprotein, glycolipid, peripheral membrane protein, integral membrane protein, cholesterol, channel protein,
k
what does a semipermeable membrane do
it lets only certain things pass through it
____ can easily pass through the semipermeable membrane
small nonpolar molecules
solute, solution, solvent
dissolved particles, solvent + solute, liquid that solute dissolves in
concentration, tonicity
the relative abundance of something in a certain volume, the measure of the strength of a solute concentration in a solution
where does solvent go in osmosis, where does solute go in diffusion
high to low concentration, low to high concentration
passive transport, active transport
movement across the membrane with the concentration gradient and doesn’t require energy, movement across the membrane against the concentration gradient that does require energy
2 types of passive transport
diffusion, facilitated diffusion
isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
same concentration, more concentration, less concentration
cell specialization, regeneration, stem cells, satellite cell
differentiation of cell shape, structure, and function to suit different bodily needs, replacing damaged or lost cells with new ones, an undifferentiated cell, a stem cell responsible for regeneration of muscle
why would a stem cell turn into a differentiated cell
turning off and on certain segments of DNA
an adult stem cell can become ____ things than a child stem cell
less
chromatin, chromosome, chromatid, centromere
unwound DNA, condensed form of DNA, half of a duplicated chromosome, where a duplicated chromosomes meet
stages of interphase
G1 (cell grows), S (DNA is replicated), G2 (cell grows and organelles are copied)
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
prophase: chromatin condenses to chromosome, nucleus goes away, spindle apparatus forms
metaphase: chromosomes line up at middle of cell
anaphase: sister chromosomes separate to opposite sides of the cell
telophase: a new nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes
cytokinesis: cell cytoplasm splits into 2 new cells
