Biology Flashcards

Question

spiral-shaped bacteria

Answer 1

bacteria requiring oxygen for metabolism

Answer 2

bacteria that cannot survive in environments with oxygen

Answer 3

bacteria that can use oxygen for metabolism or other means for metabolism

Answer 4

bacteria that cannot use oxygen for metabolism but that are not harmed by being in an environment with oxygen

Answer 5

gram negative

Answer 6

gram positive

Answer 7

ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from them

Answer 8

basal body attaches the flagella to the cytoplasm and rotates like a motor, causing the hook to exert torque on the filament, which then causes the filament to spin and propel the prokaryote forward

Answer 9

circular structures in prokaryotes containing DNA acquired from external sources that are not necessary for the survival of the prokaryote, but may confer certain advantages such as antibiotic resistance

Answer 10

both start translation with methionine, have their DNA associated with histones, and share similar RNA polymerases

Answer 11

transformation, conjugation, transduction

Answer 12

integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome; typically occurs when other bacteria lyse and spill their contents into the vicinity of a bacterium capable of transofrmation

Answer 13

bacterial form of mating/sexual reproduction where the male bacteria containing a sex factor forms a pili bridge to the female bacteria, connecting them; the male bacteria with the sex factor copies its sex factor and that copy makes it way across the pili bridge into the female bacteria, who now also has a sex factor; the female bacteria with the sex factor now can be viewed as a male bacteria and donate its sex factor to a female bacteria by way of making a pili bridge; this is significant because sex factors could contain info on antibiotic resistance and by passing by conjugation, this information could be added to every bacteria within a bacterial colony very quickly

Answer 14

occurs when a bacteriophage infecting a bacteria picks up some of that bacteria's genetic material and transfers it to another bacteria when infecting it with its own virulent information

Answer 15

genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome; seen in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and can disturb genes if inserted/removed from a coding region

Answer 16

lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, death phase

Answer 17

virus containing RNA; once inside the host cell, the RNA can be translated by host cell ribosomes

Answer 18

virus containing RNA; once inside the host cell, the virus uses its RNA replicase enzyme to convert the RNA strand into one that can be read and translated by host cell ribosomes

Answer 19

virus containing RNA; once inside the host cell, the virus uses its reverse transcriptase enzyme to convert the RNA strand into DNA so it can be incorporated into the host cell's DNA

Answer 20

stage of the viral life cycle where the bacteriophage maximizes the use of the cell's machinery with little regard for the survival of the host cell; eventually the cell lyses when full of copies of the virus

Answer 21

stage of the viral life cycle where the viral genetic material integrates into the host genome as a prophage and is replicated as the cell replicates its DNA; the virus can leave the lysogenic cycle and enter the lytic cycle when exposed to certain environmental factors

Answer 22

infectious proteins that lead to the misfolding of other proteins (normally an a helix is converted to a B pleated sheet) so that protein aggregates form that cannot be dissolved

Answer 23

small pathogens consisting of a very short, circular, single-stranded RNA that infect plants

Answer 24

plasmids that can incorporate into the bacteria's genome

Answer 25

single-stranded RNA, double-stranded RNA, single-stranded DNA, or double-stranded DNA