Biology

Question 1

4 fundamental tenets of cell theory

Answer 1

1. All living things are composed of cells
2. All cells arise from preexisting cells
3. Cells are the basic unit of life
4. All cells contain DNA, which is passed from parent to daughter cell

Question 2

where is rRNA synthesized?

Answer 2

nucleolus

Question 3

where does the electron transport chain occur?

Answer 3

mitochondrial inner membrane

Question 4

cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance

Answer 4

transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus

Question 5

endosomes

Answer 5

organelles that transport, package, and sort cell material traveling to and from the cell membrane

Question 6

what does the rough ER do?

Answer 6

synthesize proteins destined for secretion

Question 7

what does the smooth ER do?

Answer 7

synthesize lipids for secretion or for the cell membrane and detoxify certain drugs and poisons

Question 8

proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm are destined for where?

Answer 8

to remain within the cell

Question 9

peroxisomes

Answer 9

contain hydrogen peroxide for the degradation of long chain fatty acids by B oxidation, aid in the synthesis of phospholipids, and contain some of the enzymes needed for the HMP shunt

Question 10

microfilaments

Answer 10

component of the cytoskeleton which is made of actin; provide protection for the cell and initiate the formation of the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis

Question 11

microtubules

Answer 11

component of the cytoskeleton which is made of tubulin

Question 12

which main component of the cytoskeleton do kinesin and dynein primarily ride along?

Answer 12

microtubules

Question 13

flagella and cilia are examples of what kind of cytoskeleton component?

Answer 13

microtubules

Question 14

how are cilia and flagella organized in eukaryotes?

Answer 14

9+2 structure; 9 pairs of microtubules arranged in a circle surrounding 2 microtubules in the center

Question 15

which component of the cytoskeleton is involved during mitosis?

Answer 15

microtubules; microtubules originating from the centrioles attach to chromosomes at their kinetochores and pull the sister chromatids apart

Question 16

intermediate filaments

Answer 16

component of the cytoskeleton which is made of keratin, desmin, vimentin, and lamins; involved in cell-cell adhesions, anchoring other organelles, and maintaining the cytoskeleton’s integrity

Question 17

4 types of tissue

Answer 17

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 18

epithelial tissue

Answer 18

cover the body and line the cavities; anchored to a basement membrane; typically one side of the tissue is open to a lumen (outside world) and the other to blood vessels or other cells (inside world)

Question 19

what type of tissue contributes to the parenchyma (functional parts) of an organ

Answer 19

epithelial tissue

Question 20

examples of connective tissue

Answer 20

bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood

Question 21

connective tissue

Answer 21

supports the body and provides a framework for epithelial cells; contribute to the structure of the body

Question 22

structure of centrioles in eukaryotes?

Answer 22

9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a circle with a hollow center

Question 23

spherical bacteria

Answer 23

cocci

Question 24

rod-shaped bacteria

Answer 24

bacilli

Question 25

spiral-shaped bacteria

Answer 25

spirilli

Question 26

obligate aerobe

Answer 26

bacteria requiring oxygen for metabolism

Question 27

obligate anaerobe

Answer 27

bacteria that cannot survive in environments with oxygen

Question 28

facultative anaerobes

Answer 28

bacteria that can use oxygen for metabolism or other means for metabolism

Question 29

aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 29

bacteria that cannot use oxygen for metabolism but that are not harmed by being in an environment with oxygen

Question 30

which are more resistant to antibiotics - gram negative or gram positive bacteria?

Answer 30

gram negative

Question 31

which type of bacteria have thicker cell walls with peptidoglycan?

Answer 31

gram positive

Question 32

what color do gram positive bacteria stain?

Answer 32

purple

Question 33

what color do gram negative bacteria stain?

Answer 33

pink/red

Question 34

chemotaxis

Answer 34

ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from them

Question 35

structure of prokaryotic flagella

Answer 35

basal body attaches the flagella to the cytoplasm and rotates like a motor, causing the hook to exert torque on the filament, which then causes the filament to spin and propel the prokaryote forward

Question 36

what is the structure of prokaryotic DNA?

Answer 36

circular

Question 37

plasmids

Answer 37

circular structures in prokaryotes containing DNA acquired from external sources that are not necessary for the survival of the prokaryote, but may confer certain advantages such as antibiotic resistance

Question 38

how are Archaea similar to Eukarya?

Answer 38

both start translation with methionine, have their DNA associated with histones, and share similar RNA polymerases

Question 39

3 types of genetic recombination in prokaryotes

Answer 39

transformation, conjugation, transduction

Question 40

transformation

Answer 40

integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome; typically occurs when other bacteria lyse and spill their contents into the vicinity of a bacterium capable of transofrmation

Question 41

conjugation

Answer 41

bacterial form of mating/sexual reproduction where the male bacteria containing a sex factor forms a pili bridge to the female bacteria, connecting them; the male bacteria with the sex factor copies its sex factor and that copy makes it way across the pili bridge into the female bacteria, who now also has a sex factor; the female bacteria with the sex factor now can be viewed as a male bacteria and donate its sex factor to a female bacteria by way of making a pili bridge; this is significant because sex factors could contain info on antibiotic resistance and by passing by conjugation, this information could be added to every bacteria within a bacterial colony very quickly

Question 42

transduction

Answer 42

occurs when a bacteriophage infecting a bacteria picks up some of that bacteria's genetic material and transfers it to another bacteria when infecting it with its own virulent information

Question 43

transposons

Answer 43

genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome; seen in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and can disturb genes if inserted/removed from a coding region

Question 44

stages in a bacterial colony's life cycle

Answer 44

lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, death phase

Question 45

positive sense viruses

Answer 45

virus containing RNA; once inside the host cell, the RNA can be translated by host cell ribosomes

Question 46

negative sense viruses

Answer 46

virus containing RNA; once inside the host cell, the virus uses its RNA replicase enzyme to convert the RNA strand into one that can be read and translated by host cell ribosomes

Question 47

retroviruses

Answer 47

virus containing RNA; once inside the host cell, the virus uses its reverse transcriptase enzyme to convert the RNA strand into DNA so it can be incorporated into the host cell's DNA

Question 48

lytic cycle

Answer 48

stage of the viral life cycle where the bacteriophage maximizes the use of the cell's machinery with little regard for the survival of the host cell; eventually the cell lyses when full of copies of the virus

Question 49

lysogenic cycle

Answer 49

stage of the viral life cycle where the viral genetic material integrates into the host genome as a prophage and is replicated as the cell replicates its DNA; the virus can leave the lysogenic cycle and enter the lytic cycle when exposed to certain environmental factors

Question 50

prions

Answer 50

infectious proteins that lead to the misfolding of other proteins (normally an a helix is converted to a B pleated sheet) so that protein aggregates form that cannot be dissolved

Question 51

viroids

Answer 51

small pathogens consisting of a very short, circular, single-stranded RNA that infect plants

Question 52

episomes

Answer 52

plasmids that can incorporate into the bacteria's genome

Question 53

what types of nucleic acid could form the genome of a virus?

Answer 53

single-stranded RNA, double-stranded RNA, single-stranded DNA, or double-stranded DNA