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BMAT > biology > Flashcards

biology Flashcards

1
Q

animal and plant eukarytic cells contiain

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
mitochondrion
cell wall (plant only)
chloroplast (plant only)
vacuole (plant only)

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2
Q

prokaryotic cells contain

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
cell wall
chromosomal DNA/no ‘true’ nucleus
plasmid DNA

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3
Q

levels of organisation

A

cells to tissues to organs to organ systems

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4
Q

interphase

A

cell grows and DNA is copied

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5
Q

mitosis

A

division leading to two daughter cells that have the
same number of chromosomes so are genetically identical to each other and the
parental cell

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6
Q

role of mitosis in growth

A

increasing cell numbers
repair of tissues
replacement of worn out cells
asexual reproductiin

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7
Q

what is cancer the result of

A

changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

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8
Q

meiosis

A

division that produces daughter cells, known as gametes,
in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid so they have
a single set of chromosomes

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9
Q

each daughter cell produced by meiosis will be

A

genetically different

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10
Q

role of meiosis

A

reducing the chromosome number

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11
Q

in meiosis, when does the cell have the full chromosome complement again

A

at fertilisation

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12
Q

asexual reproduction offspring are

A

genetically identical when no mutations occur

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13
Q

sexual reproduction offspring are

A

genetically different to eachther and the parents leading to increased variation

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14
Q

most mammals, inluding humans, females are ____ and males are _____

A

XX
XY

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15
Q

nucleus is the site of

A

genetic material/chromosomes/genes in plant and animal
cells

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16
Q

what is the genome

A

the entire genetic material (DNA) of an organism

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17
Q

chromosomes contain

A

DNA

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18
Q

what is DNAA

A

a polymer mad eup of two strands forming a double helix

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19
Q

DNA is made from

A

four different nucleotides, each consisting of a
common sugar and phosphate group along with one of four different bases
attached to the sugar.

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20
Q

adenine pairs with

A

thymine

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21
Q

guanine pairs with

A

cytosine

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22
Q

the sequence of dna bases is

A

the gentic code

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23
Q

genetic code is read as

A

triplets

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24
Q

each triplet codes for

A

an amino acid

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25
Q

what does protein sysntheiss involve

A

production of proteins from amino acids

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26
Q

what is a gene mutation

A

a change in DNA

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27
Q

most mutations have

A

no effect on the phenotype, some will have a
small effect, whilst occasionally others will determine the phenotype.

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28
Q

what is genetic enginerring

A

i. taking a copy of a gene from (DNA/chromosomes of) one organism.
ii. insertion of that gene into the DNA of another organism.
iii. the roles of restriction enzymes and ligases.

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29
Q

embryonic stem cells can give rise to

A

any cell type

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30
Q

can stem cells always give rise to any cell type

A

no only embryonic. animals lose this ability as they mature

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31
Q

is there usually genetic variation within a population of species

A

yes, extensively

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32
Q

describe evolution

A

a change in the inherited characteristics of a population
over time through a process of natural selection which may result in the
formation of a new species.

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33
Q

how can evolution occur through natural selection of variants

A

that give
rise to phenotypes best suited to their environment.

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34
Q

understand antibiotic resistance and that it is an example of

A

evolution through natural selection

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35
Q

can variation be inherited

A

yes resulting in a range of phenotypes

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36
Q

enzymes are

A

biological catalysts

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37
Q

mechanism of enzyme

A

active site
enzyme specificity
lock and key
induced fit

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38
Q

factors affecting rate of enzyme action

A

temperature
pH

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39
Q

role of amylase in digestin

A

catalyses the breakdown of starch into maltose in the mouth and small intestine

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40
Q

role of protease in digestion

A

catalyse the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine

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41
Q

role of lipase in digestion

A

catalyse the breakdown of fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine

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42
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP

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43
Q

aerobic respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP

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44
Q

aerobic respiration process

A

the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy
glycolysis
link reaction
krebs
oxidative phosphorylation
https://www.thesciencehive.co.uk/respiration-a-level#:~:text=1%20Aerobic%20Respiration.%20Aerobic%20respiration%20is%20made%20of,oxygen%20-%20this%20is%20called%20anaerobic%20respiration.%20

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45
Q

the CNS is

A

the brain and spinal cord

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46
Q

white blood cells are invovled in

A

antibody production adn phagocytosis

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47
Q

platelets are involved in

A

blood clotting

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48
Q

plasma is involved in

A

transport of blood components and other substances like hormones, antibodies, urea and carbon dioxide and distribution of heat

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49
Q

relay neurons function

A

Passes signals between neurons

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50
Q

motor neuron function

A

transmit signals to muscle cells or glands to control their functional output from the brain

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51
Q

what diseases are formed by many factors

A

cardiovascular disease, many forms of cancer, some lung and liver
diseases and diseases influenced by nutrition, including type 2 diabetes

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52
Q

how can cardiovascular disease be managed

A

using life-long
medication (including statins, anti-coagulants and anti-hypertensive drugs),
surgical procedures (including stents and bypass for coronary heart
disease), and lifestyle changes (including reducing smoking, more exercise
and a balanced diet).

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53
Q

function fo sensory neurons

A

Sensory neurons get information about what’s going on inside and outside of the body and bring that information into the CNS so it can be processed.

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54
Q

reflex arc

A

stimulus
receptor
sensory neurone
relay neurone
motor neurone
effector
response

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55
Q

importance of interdependence in ecosystems

A

predation
mutualism
parasitism
competition

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56
Q

photosynthetic organisms are

A

the primary producers of food in ane cosystem and therefore biomass

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57
Q

function of the respitory system

A

The respiratory system consists of organs and structures that allow us to breathe by taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.

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58
Q

process of ventilation

A

The human respiratory system is adapted to allow air to pass in and out of the body, and for efficient gas exchange to happen. Exercise and smoking both affect the lungs and circulatory system. The ribs, intercostal muscles and diaphragm all play important roles in ventilation (breathing).

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59
Q

process of gas exchange

A

Gas exchange is the biological process through which gases are transferred across cell membranes to either enter or leave the blood.

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60
Q

why is a high surface area to volume ration important for gas exchange

A

The surface area to volume ratio of a cell must be such that the cell membrane has enough surface area to adequately serve the internal contents (volume) of the cell, including the adequate exchange of gases.

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61
Q

antibody production

A

When a specific B lymphocyte is activated following antigen presentation, it divides into plasma cells and memory cells

Plasma cells are short-lived and secrete high numbers of antibodies that are specific to a particular antigen
Plasma cells will secrete ~ 2,000 antibody molecules per second into the bloodstream for roughly 4 to 5 days

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62
Q

formation of memory cells

A

When a B lymphocyte is activated and divides to form plasma cells, a small proportion will differentiate into memory cells
Memory cells are long living and will survive in the body for many years, producing low levels of circulating antibodies

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63
Q

heart rate is

A

pulse. no of times your heart beats a minute

64
Q

ECG

A

It is used to record the electrical activity of the heart from different angles to both identify and locate pathology. Electrodes are placed on different parts of a patient’s limbs and chest to record the electrical activity.

65
Q

levels of organisation in an ecosystem

A

indiviual
population
community
ecosystem
biome
biosphere

66
Q

what causes a popualtion to change size

A

lightt
nutrition
habitat
competition
predation
resources
disease

67
Q

importance of the water cycle

A

maintaining aquatic ecosystems
availability of water to all living organisms
evaporation
condensation
precipitation
collection

68
Q

composition of blood

A

plasma
white blood cells
platelets
red blood cells

69
Q

function of blood

A

breathing
excretion
hormones
temperature
acid-base balance
homeostasis

70
Q

structure of the digestive system

A

mouth
oesophagus
liver
gall bladder
pancreas
small intestine
appendix
salivary glands
stomach
large intestine
rectum
anus

71
Q

fucntion of the digestive system

A

Motility, digestion, absorption and secretion

72
Q

peristalsis

A

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward.

73
Q

egestion

A

the process by which the remains of food that haven’t been used by the body are eliminated. It corresponds to the final phase of the food digestion process and is not the same as excretion.

74
Q

function of the excrety system

A

remove waste from the body

75
Q

function of the nephron

A

regulating the concentration of sodium salts and water by filtering the kidney’s blood, excreting any excess in the urine and reabsorbing the necessary amounts.

76
Q

role of kidneys in homeostasis

A

regulating glucose homeostasis through utilization of glucose, gluconeogenesis, and glucose reabsorption via sodium glucose co-transporters (SGLTs) and glucose transporters.

77
Q

regualtion of blood glucose leves occurs how

A

negative feedback

78
Q

role of insulin

A

controlling blood sugar and energy absorption. Insulin is a chemical messenger that allows cells to absorb glucose, a sugar, from the blood. The pancreas is an organ behind the stomach that is the main source of insulin in the body.

79
Q

role of glucagon

A

control glucose (sugar) levels in your blood. Glucagon prevents your blood sugar from dropping too low. stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose

80
Q

how can type 1 diabetes be treated

A
  1. Taking insulin 2. Carbohydrate, fat and protein counting 3. Frequent blood sugar monitoring 4. Eating healthy foods 5. Exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy weight
81
Q

how can type 2 diabetes be treated

A
  1. Healthy eating 2. Regular exercise 3. Weight loss 4. Possibly, diabetes medication or insulin therapy 5. Blood sugar monitoring
82
Q

regulation of water content occurs how

A

adh

83
Q

ADH does what

A

increases permability of the nephron by introducing mroe p

84
Q

how does the body regulate temperature

A

through the hypothalamus by sweating or shivering or vasodilation/constriction

85
Q

role of adrenaline

A

prepares body for fight or flight
liver converts glycogen to glucose
vasodilation of aterioles in brain and muscle
dilation of air pathways for higher rate of gas exchange
increase in heart rate
vasconstriction of aterioles in the gut and other organs

86
Q

thyroxine in negative feedbck

A

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland have important roles in detecting and controlling thyroxine levels.

Low thyroxine levels in the bloodstream stimulate the hypothalamus to release TRH and this causes the pituitary to release TSH so the thyroid releases more thyroxine. So blood levels return to normal.
Normal thyroxine levels in the bloodstream inhibit TRH release from the hypothalamus and the production of TSH by the pituitary, so normal blood levels are maintained.

87
Q

role of fsh

A

releases eggs and sperm

88
Q

role of lh

A

ovulation

89
Q

role of oestrogen

A

regulation and development of the female reproductive system

90
Q

role of progesterone

A

prepares uterus for preganancy

91
Q

hormonal contrception

A

oestrogen or progesterone pill inhibit the production of fsh so eggs cannot mature

92
Q

how is HIV transmitted

A

sexually

93
Q

effect of HIV on the immune system

A

destroys cd4 cells
flu like symptoms
seizures
infection
hypertension
aches and pains

94
Q

what is thyroxine

A

Thyroxine is produced from the thyroid gland, which stimulates the metabolic rate. It controls the speed at which oxygen and food products react to release energy for the body to use. Thyroxine also plays an important role in growth and development. Its levels are controlled by negative feedback.

95
Q

Allelic genes are located on

A

homologous chromosomes

96
Q

functions of bile

A

emulsify lipids so there is a larger surface area for liapse enzymes to work on
neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach(this raises the pH)

97
Q

does bile contain lipase

A

no

98
Q

what do leaves do

A

evaporation of water
formation of organic substanes from inorganic
absorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide
absorption of sunlight

99
Q

Which of the following statements about selective breeding are true?

Domesticated animals cannot be used for work nor food.

Desirable characteristics in animals may be genetic.

The probability of infectious diseases increases in animals as they are selectively bred.

A

2 and 3 (same genetics, same vunerability)

100
Q

What makes tertiary proteins different from secondary proteins

A

Secondary proteins don’t have ionic and disulfide bonds, whereas tertiary do.

101
Q

is tRNA invovled in transcription

A

no

102
Q

is dna involved in translation

A

no

103
Q

true or false: Treatment with stem cells is associated with an increased risk of cancer development

A

true

104
Q

where do spindle fibres attatch to the chromosme

A

at the centromere

105
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

does reverse transcription by turning mRNA into DNA

106
Q

what does restriction endonuclease do

A

removes the wanted gene from dna

107
Q

what does dna ligase do

A

forms recombinant dna by joining plasmid and the gene

108
Q

a protein tertiary structure is held together by

A

1 Instantaneous dipole induced forces

2 Ionic interactions

3 Hydrogen bonding

4 Disulfide bridges

109
Q

what method was used to study downs syndrome

A

cytogenic (chromosomes)

110
Q

can conduction and convection happen at the same time

A

yes

111
Q

does density of a fluid increase or decrease as the temperature increases

A

decreases
when the fluid increases in temperature, its particles gain kinetic energy and move faster. This means they move further away from each other, so the density of the fluid decreases.

112
Q

can a convection current be set up by heating the fluid at the top of a container

A

no must be the bottom

113
Q

hw do viruses replicate

A

Attach to a host cell using attachment proteins. Inject nucleic acid into the host which provides the host’s cells with ‘instructions’ for the cell’s metabolic processes.

114
Q

the acceleration of an object is directionally proportional to

A

the resultant force on the object, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

115
Q

Lipids must be emulsified by bile salts produced by the pancreas. true or false

A

false bile salts are produced by the liver not pancreas

116
Q

what is emulslification

A

the breakdown of large fat molecules into smaller, soluble molecules.

117
Q

Lipase hydrolyses the ester bonds between the

A

monoglycerides and fatty acids within lipids. Lipids do not have disulfide bonds between them which are hydrolysed.

118
Q

what holds together the monoglycerides and fatty acids within lipids

A

ester bonds which are hydrolysed by lipase

119
Q

is fat absorbed in the stomach

A

no, and absorption is not limited by less acidic conditions

120
Q

proton pump inhibitors ______ acid secretion and therefore ______ pH

A

reduce
increase

121
Q

if there’s less acdi in the stomach

A

protein breakdown is prolonged as it is broken down by enzymes that work optimally in acidic condiitons in the stomach

122
Q

where are carbohydrates absorbed

A

small intestine. absorption is not facoured by less acidic conditions

123
Q

is mitosis used in cell growth

A

no

124
Q

does asexual reproduction invovle mitosis

A

yes

125
Q

does mitosis involve the formaiton of bivalents

A

no, meiosis does

126
Q

whats a community

A

The range of populations present

127
Q

is cellulose a macromolecule

A

yes

128
Q

what is bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchus

129
Q

what is emphysema

A

walls of the alveoli are destroyed which reduces the surface area of the lungs and gas exchange

130
Q

what monomers is dna made from

A

nucleotide monomers. the nucleotide contains: a phosphate group, a pentose sugar and a base.

131
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed (and carefully controlled and regulated) cell death. mutations in proteins responsible for apoptosis can lead to cancer

132
Q

where is amylase produced

A

mouth and pancreas

133
Q

where is lipase produced

A

pancreas and stomach

134
Q

where are protease produced

A

stomach, pancreas and small intestine

135
Q

production of transgenic plants

A

use of restirction enzymes to produce sticky ends in the plasmid
isolation of the required genes using restriction enzymes
mixing of the required gene an the plasmid with ligases
identification of the recombinant plasmid
injection of plasmid into host plant cell

136
Q

Anti-coagulants are

A

life-long medications used to manage CVD.

137
Q

Statins are medications that

A

reduce cholesterol. While they may reduce risk of heart attacks in other areas of the heart long term, they will not stop cell death in this area.

138
Q

A stent is

A

a surgical procedure that would open up the infarcted artery at the region of cell death, allowing the area to receive blood once more.

139
Q

do smaller particles diffuse faster

A

yes

140
Q

most genetically modified plants are created by

A

bacteria which have a Ti plasmid

141
Q

plants having pest resistanace can be a property of

A

gm crops

142
Q

The useful gene is inserted into the plant cell chromosomes by
the what plasmid

A

Ti plasmid - not the Ui plasmid.

143
Q

what is haemolysis

A

red blood cells are fragmented. Their components are then recycled. This process takes place in the spleen.

144
Q

The direction of biotechnology, in which microorganisms are used to obtain antibiotics, vitamins, is called

A

microbiological synthesis

145
Q

which side of the heart does deoxygenated blood flow through

A

the right side

146
Q

blood from the vena cava enters a

A

top chamber which is an atrium

147
Q

what does the pumonary artery carry

A

deoxygenated blood

148
Q

frequency increases with…. and decreases with….

A

increases with energy and decreases with wavelength

149
Q

wavelength is inversely proportional to

A

frequency

150
Q

when temperature is increased, what is the effect on proportion of collisions which are successful

A

increases

151
Q

what is the unit of current

A

I= p/v so watt per volt

152
Q

Insulin is a protein involved in the regulation of human blood glucose levels.
Genetic engineering can be used to allow the large-scale production of human insulin. how?

A

Taking the insulin gene from a human chromosome and inserting it into the DNA of a bacterium. As the bacterium reproduces, it makes large quantities of insulin that can be used to treat human diabetes.

153
Q

should you cool down water from the top middle or bottom

A

top in the hopes of forming a convection current

154
Q

Emulsification by bile makes

A

smaller lipid droplets, each with a smaller surface area. (but larger total SA)

155
Q

what does bile do to the pH of the stomach

A

it is alkali so it neutralises the acid making the pH higher

156
Q

is lipase present in bile

A

no

157
Q

properties fo graphene

A

high mp
good electrical conductivity

BMAT (4 decks)

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