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Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is blood composed of?

A
  1. Blood is composed of different types of cells floating in a liquid called plasma.
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2
Q

What does blood contain?

A
  1. Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and smaller particles called
    platelets.
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3
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Red Blood Cells transport oxygen and contain the pigment haemoglobin.

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4
Q

What are white blood cells apart off?

A

White Blood Cells are part of the Immune System

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5
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

White Blood Cells destroy bacteria and foreign particles eg. viruses

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6
Q

What are the two main types of white blood cells?

A

There are two main types of white blood cells called phagocytes and lymphocytes.

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7
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Phagocytes carry out phagocytosis by engulfing bacteria

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8
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Lymphocytes produce specific antibodies which destroy viruses

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9
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Antibodies have specific complementary binding sites for only one type of foreign particle eg. virus

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10
Q

What do vaccines do?

A

Vaccines allow a dead or altered form of the foreign particle to be introduced into the body so the immune system recognises it on exposure.

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11
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Platelets help the blood to clot and reduce bleeding

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12
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

The function of the heart is to pump blood around the body.

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13
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

The heart is made of cardiac muscle and pumps continuously.

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14
Q

What are the different chambers or the heart?

A
  1. The heart has four different chambers; right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle.
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15
Q

What does pulse show us?

A

Pulse can be a health indicator

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16
Q

What does the resting heart rate show about a person?

A
  1. The fitter the person the lower the resting heart rate
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17
Q

What does a very high pulse rate mean?

A
  1. A very high pulse rate is unhealthy & can lead to heart disease or stroke
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18
Q

How do yiu measure your pulse rate?

A

A stop watch and fingertips or stethoscope can be used as a low-tech method of measuring pulse rate

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19
Q

How do you measure your pulse rate electronically?

A

pulsometer or heart rate monitor linked to a computer can be used as a high-tech method of measuring pulse rate

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20
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

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21
Q

What do veins do?

A

Veins carry blood back to the heart.

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22
Q

What do veins contain?

A

.Veins contain valves which prevent backflow of blood

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23
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Capillaries are small vessels which form a network between arteries and veins

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24
Q

Oxygenated blood is rich in what?

A

Oxygen

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25
Q

What is deoxygenated blood rich in?

A

Carbon dioxide

26
Q

What are the four major blood vessels leading to and from the heart?

A

The four major blood vessels leading to and from the heart are the aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and vena cava

27
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

The aorta carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body

28
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

The vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.

29
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

30
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

31
Q

Why is the muscular wall of the left side thicker than the right?

A

The muscular wall of the left-hand side of the heart is thicker than the right-hand side since it has to pump blood all round the body, whereas the right-hand side only has to pump it as far as the lungs

32
Q

What does the coronary artery do?

A

The coronary artery supplies the muscular wall of the heart with oxygenated blood

33
Q

What is it called when the heart contracts and pumps blood?

A

When the heart contracts and pumps blood into arteries under pressure, this pressure is called blood pressure

34
Q

How is blood pressure measured?

A

Blood pressure can be measured using either a stethoscope & mercury manometer or a digital sphygmomanometer

35
Q

When does systolic pressure occur?

A

Systolic pressure occurs when the heart beats & pumps blood into the arteries giving an average reading of 120 mmHg

36
Q

When does diastolic pressure occur?

A

Diastolic pressure occurs between beats when the heart relaxes & fills with blood giving an average reading of 80 mmHg

37
Q

What is the average blood pressure in an adult?

A

The average blood pressure in an adult is 120/80 mmHg

38
Q

What does high blood pressure indicate?

A

Blood pressure greater than 160/90mmHg indicates high blood pressure

39
Q

What is high blood pressure caused by?

A

High blood pressure is caused by: being overweight; lack of exercise; incorrect diet (fat, salt); drinking alcohol excessively; stress

40
Q

What can high blood pressure cause?

A

High blood pressure can cause heart attack and stroke

41
Q

What can low blood pressure cause?

A

Low blood pressure can cause fainting and heart failure

42
Q

What do lungs do?

A

Lungs inflate to take air into the body & deflate to remove air from body

43
Q

What does the windpipe do?

A

Windpipe allows air to flow from the mouth or nose towards the lungs

44
Q

What is the bronchi?

A

Bronchi are the 2 branches which join the windpipe to the lungs

45
Q

What are bronchioles

A

Bronchioles are branches from the bronchi which lead to the air sacs

46
Q

What do air sacs do?

A

Air sacs allow oxygen to pass from the lungs into the blood & carbon dioxide to pass from the blood to the lungs

47
Q

What do ribs do?

A

Ribs shield or protect the lungs from damage

48
Q

What ARE air sacs?

A

Arc sac is thin walled & surrounded by capillaries (tiny blood vessels)

49
Q

What is your breathing rate?

A

Breathing rate is the number of breaths you take in one minute

50
Q

What will cause breathing rate to alter?

A

Breathing rate will alter according to your level of activity

51
Q

What differentiates breathing rate?

A

Breathing rate is different between individuals depending on their age, sex, fitness and state of health

52
Q

What does exercise do to your breathing and why?

A

Exercise results in faster, deeper breathing to get more oxygen to muscles & get rid of waste carbon dioxide

53
Q

What is recovery time?

A

Recovery time is the time required after exercise for rate & depth of breathing to return to normal

54
Q

What does a short recover time indicate?

A

Fitness

55
Q

How can the efficiency of the lungs be measured?

A

The efficiency of the lungs can be measured using tidal volume, vital capacity and peak flow

56
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in and out in one normal breath

57
Q

Tidal volume varies depending on what?

A

Tidal volume varies depending on body size, age, sex & level of fitnes

58
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Vital capacity is a measure of the maximum volume of air that a person can breathe out after having taken in as deep a breath as possible

59
Q

What does vital capacity depend on?

A

Vital capacity varies depending on body size, age, sex and fitness

60
Q

What is peak flow?

A

Peak flow is the maximum rate that you can blow air out of your lungs and is measured using a peak flow meter

61
Q

What is asthma?

A

Asthma is a respiratory condition in which the air passages (bronchioles) become narrower making breathing difficult causing wheezing

Biology (3 decks)

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