Biology 10 Flashcards
Biomass of an individual
The biomass of an individual organism is typically smallest in species with lower trophic levels or those that are lower on the food chain. Among the options provided:
During termite mutual flights:
During termite mutual flights:
1. Purpose: Mutual flights occur when reproductive male and female alates (winged termites) leave their colony to mate and establish new colonies. 2. Timing: These flights typically occur during specific times of the year, often after rainfall or during warmer months, when conditions are favorable for colony establishment. 3. Synchronization: Termite colonies synchronize their flights to increase the chances of successful mating. This synchronization helps ensure that alates from different colonies encounter each other for mating. 4. Winged Stage: Alates develop wings and eyes, allowing them to fly away from their parent colony in search of mates and suitable locations for new colonies. 5. Mating: After pairing up, the male and female alates shed their wings and establish a new colony together. They dig a chamber in the soil or find a suitable nesting site to start a new colony. 6. Nuptial Chamber: Once the pair has found a suitable location, they establish a nuptial chamber where they mate and begin reproducing, eventually becoming the king and queen of the new colony. 7. Colony Foundation: The success of termite mutual flights is crucial for the expansion and survival of termite colonies, as it allows for the establishment of new colonies and genetic diversity within termite populations.
If you’re conducting the fermentation of glucose using yeast experiment with lime water, here are the key points:
Materials Needed: Yeast, glucose solution, test tubes, lime water, fermentation lock or balloon, water bath, thermometer, glucose test strips or Benedict’s solution.Procedure: Mix yeast with glucose solution in test tubes. Add lime water to the test tubes before sealing them with a fermentation lock or balloon to capture the gas produced during fermentation. Place the test tubes in a water bath at the appropriate temperature for yeast fermentation.Observations: Monitor the test tubes for the production of gas bubbles. The presence of gas bubbles indicates fermentation is occurring. Additionally, observe any changes in the lime water, such as cloudiness or the formation of a precipitate, which indicates the presence of carbon dioxide.Analysis: Test the presence of glucose before and after fermentation using glucose test strips or Benedict’s solution. Additionally, observe any changes in the lime water to confirm the production of carbon dioxide.Conclusion: Fermentation of glucose by yeast in the presence of lime water results in the production of carbon dioxide gas. The experiment demonstrates the metabolic process of yeast under anaerobic conditions and the conversion of glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Lime water serves as an indicator of carbon dioxide production during fermentation.
Leucocytes
Leucocytes, also known as white blood cells (WBCs), are a type of blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body’s immune system. They are responsible for defending the body against infectious diseases and foreign invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Leucocytes are produced in the bone marrow and are found circulating in the bloodstream as well as in tissues throughout the body. They come in several types, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each with its own specialized function in the immune response.
Digestion
Digestion: This is the process by which food is broken down into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. It occurs primarily in the digestive system, where enzymes and acids break down complex nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simpler forms that the body can absorb.
Assimilation
: After digestion, the smaller molecules produced (such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells throughout the body. Assimilation refers to the process by which these molecules are taken up and used by cells for energy, growth, and repair.
Absorption
: This is the specific process by which nutrients are taken up from the digestive tract into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It occurs primarily in the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed across the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall and then transported to various tissues and organs.
Inhibition
Inhibition: In the context of digestion and absorption, inhibition refers to the process of slowing down or blocking the activity of enzymes or transporters involved in nutrient breakdown or uptake. Inhibition can occur naturally as a regulatory mechanism in the body or can be induced by external factors such as drugs or toxins.
Taxis
: Taxis is a behavioral response exhibited by organisms in which they move toward or away from a stimulus. This movement is typically directed and purposeful, aiming to either approach a favorable stimulus (positive taxis) or move away from an unfavorable one (negative taxis). Taxis responses can be based on various stimuli, including light (phototaxis), chemicals (chemotaxis), temperature (thermotaxis), and gravity (geotaxis), among others.
Irritability
: In biology, irritability refers to the ability of an organism to respond to stimuli from its environment. This responsiveness allows organisms to detect changes in their surroundings and adjust their behavior or physiology accordingly. Irritability is often associated with the function of sensory receptors, which detect stimuli such as light, sound, touch, and chemicals, and transmit signals to the organism’s nervous system to initiate a response.
Locomotion
: Locomotion is the ability of an organism to move from one place to another. It involves the coordination of muscular contractions, skeletal support, and sometimes the use of external structures or appendages. Locomotion enables organisms to seek out resources, escape from predators, find mates, and explore their environment. Examples of locomotion in animals include walking, running, flying, swimming, crawling, and burrowing, among others.
In mammals, the exchange of nutrient metabolic products primarily occurs at various anatomical sites within the body, including:
Capillaries: Capillaries are tiny blood vessels located throughout the body, including within tissues and organs. They play a crucial role in exchanging nutrients, gases, and metabolic waste products between the bloodstream and surrounding cells. Nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and oxygen are delivered to tissues via capillaries, while metabolic waste products like carbon dioxide and urea are removed from tissues and transported away by the bloodstream.Cell Membranes: At the cellular level, exchange of nutrients and metabolic products occurs across cell membranes. Nutrients from the bloodstream, such as glucose and amino acids, enter cells through transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane. Conversely, metabolic waste products produced by cellular metabolism, such as carbon dioxide and water, exit the cell and enter the bloodstream for removal.Lymphatic System: The lymphatic system, consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs, also plays a role in nutrient exchange and waste removal. Lymphatic vessels collect excess interstitial fluid (lymph) from tissues and transport it back to the bloodstream. Along the way, lymph nodes filter the lymph, removing pathogens, cellular debris, and other waste products. Nutrient absorption from the digestive tract also occurs via the lymphatic system, particularly for dietary fats absorbed as chylomicrons.Excretory Organs: Organs such as the kidneys, liver, and lungs are involved in the elimination of metabolic waste products from the body. The kidneys filter blood to remove waste products like urea, creatinine, and excess ions, which are excreted in urine. The liver metabolizes toxins and drugs, converting them into less harmful substances for excretion. The lungs expel carbon dioxide produced by cellular respiration during breathing.Overall, the exchange of nutrient metabolic products in mammals involves a complex interplay between various organ systems, ensuring the delivery of essential nutrients to cells and the removal of waste products to maintain homeostasis.
endospermous
An endospermous seed is a type of seed in which the endosperm, a tissue rich in nutrients, is retained within the seed after fertilization. This endosperm serves as a source of nourishment for the developing embryo during germination. Common examples of plants with endospermous seeds include:
Maize (Corn): Maize seeds have a large endosperm that provides nutrients for the growing embryo. Corn kernels are a familiar example of endospermous seeds.
Wheat: Wheat grains also have endospermous seeds. The endosperm of wheat grains is milled into flour, which is widely used in baking and cooking.
Barley: Barley seeds contain endosperm that provides energy and nutrients for the developing plant. Barley is commonly used in brewing beer and as animal feed.
Rice: Rice grains have endospermous seeds enclosed within the outer hull. Rice is a staple food for a significant portion of the world’s population.
Coconut: The coconut seed is another example of an endospermous seed. The coconut endosperm is the white, fleshy part that is consumed as food or processed into coconut milk and oil.These are just a few examples of plants with endospermous seeds. Endosperm serves as a valuable energy reserve for the developing plant embryo, ensuring its successful germination and early growth.
- Autotrophism:
Autotrophs are organisms capable of producing their own organic molecules from inorganic sources, typically through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. They are self-sustaining and do not rely on other organisms for their nutritional needs. Autotrophs convert energy from sunlight (in the case of photoautotrophs) or from inorganic compounds (in the case of chemoautotrophs) into chemical energy stored in organic molecules. Plants, algae, and certain bacteria are examples of autotrophs.
Heterotrophism
: Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot produce their own organic molecules and must obtain them from external sources. They rely on consuming organic matter produced by other organisms to meet their nutritional requirements. Heterotrophs derive energy by breaking down complex organic molecules obtained from food through processes such as cellular respiration. Animals, fungi, many bacteria, and some protists are examples of heterotrophs.
Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula):
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• Found in boggy areas of North and South Carolina in the United States.
• Characterized by hinged trap leaves that snap shut when triggered by prey.
• Prey is attracted by nectar secreted by the plant, and when an insect touches trigger hairs inside the trap, it snaps shut, trapping the insect.
• Digestive enzymes break down the insect to extract nutrients.
Pitcher plant (Nepenthes spp. and Sarracenia spp.):
• Found in various regions around the world, including tropical rainforests and temperate bogs.
• Have specialized leaves shaped like pitchers that collect rainwater and digestive enzymes.
• Insects are attracted to the nectar produced by the plant and fall into the pitcher, where they drown and are digested by enzymes.
• Some pitcher plants have evolved to attract larger prey, including small rodents and even birds.
Sundew (Drosera spp.):
• Found in nutrient-poor soils in various habitats worldwide, including bogs, marshes, and sandy areas.
• Characterized by glandular hairs on their leaves that secrete a sticky substance to trap insects.
• When an insect lands on the leaves and becomes stuck, the plant’s tentacles slowly curl around the prey, bringing it closer to the leaf surface.
• Digestive enzymes break down the insect, and the plant absorbs the nutrients.
Bladderwort (Utricularia spp.):
• Aquatic or semi-aquatic carnivorous plants found in ponds, lakes, and wetlands around the world.
• Have specialized bladder-like structures that trap and digest small aquatic organisms, including microscopic animals like protozoa and tiny crustaceans.
• Bladders have a vacuum-like mechanism that sucks in prey when triggered by touch or movement.
• Some species of bladderwort are also capable of capturing small fish and tadpoles.
Test tube containing cane sugar and water:
• This condition serves as a control to observe the natural behavior of cane sugar in the absence of any additional substances.
• Sucrose (cane sugar) is dissolved in water, forming a clear solution.
• Without any other agents present, sucrose remains unchanged in this solution over time.
Test tube containing cane sugar and diluted acid:
• In this condition, cane sugar is mixed with a diluted acid solution.
• The acid may act as a catalyst or facilitator for the breakdown (hydrolysis) of sucrose into its constituent sugars, glucose, and fructose.
• The presence of acid can accelerate the hydrolysis reaction, resulting in the conversion of sucrose into simpler sugars.
Test tube containing cane sugar and its degrading enzyme:
• Here, cane sugar is mixed with an enzyme that degrades sucrose, such as sucrase or invertase.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts that facilitate specific chemical reactions. In this case, the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose.
• The enzyme speeds up the breakdown of sucrose, leading to the conversion of cane sugar into its constituent sugars.
I. Test tube containing cane sugar and water. II. Test tube containing cane sugar and diluted acid. III. Test tube containing cane sugar and its 19 degrading enzyme.
Glucose will be detected in the test tube containing cane sugar and diluted acid, as well as in the test tube containing cane sugar and its degrading enzyme, after complete hydrolysis. In both of these conditions, the cane sugar (sucrose) undergoes hydrolysis, breaking down into its constituent sugars, glucose, and fructose. Glucose is one of the products of this hydrolysis reaction. Therefore, when the hydrolysis is complete, glucose will be present in these test tubes and can be detected through appropriate chemical tests or assays for glucose detection.
The enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of cane sugar (sucrose) into its constituent sugars, glucose, and fructose,
is sucrase or invertase. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis reaction by breaking the glycosidic bond between glucose and fructose molecules in sucrose, releasing glucose and fructose as separate monosaccharides.
The perilymph,
The perilymph, a fluid found in the inner ear, plays a crucial role in maintaining balance and equilibrium by transmitting mechanical vibrations to the brain via the vestibular nerve. The cochlea is responsible for hearing, the pinna is the visible part of the ear, and the ossicles are small bones in the middle ear involved in transmitting sound vibrations.
trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
This sequence represents the path of air as it passes through the respiratory system in mammals. It starts with the trachea (windpipe), then moves into the bronchi (singular: bronchus), followed by smaller bronchioles, and finally reaches the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
