Biology 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biomass of an individual

A

The biomass of an individual organism is typically smallest in species with lower trophic levels or those that are lower on the food chain. Among the options provided:

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2
Q

During termite mutual flights:

A

During termite mutual flights:

1.	Purpose: Mutual flights occur when reproductive male and female alates (winged termites) leave their colony to mate and establish new colonies.
2.	Timing: These flights typically occur during specific times of the year, often after rainfall or during warmer months, when conditions are favorable for colony establishment.
3.	Synchronization: Termite colonies synchronize their flights to increase the chances of successful mating. This synchronization helps ensure that alates from different colonies encounter each other for mating.
4.	Winged Stage: Alates develop wings and eyes, allowing them to fly away from their parent colony in search of mates and suitable locations for new colonies.
5.	Mating: After pairing up, the male and female alates shed their wings and establish a new colony together. They dig a chamber in the soil or find a suitable nesting site to start a new colony.
6.	Nuptial Chamber: Once the pair has found a suitable location, they establish a nuptial chamber where they mate and begin reproducing, eventually becoming the king and queen of the new colony.
7.	Colony Foundation: The success of termite mutual flights is crucial for the expansion and survival of termite colonies, as it allows for the establishment of new colonies and genetic diversity within termite populations.
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3
Q

If you’re conducting the fermentation of glucose using yeast experiment with lime water, here are the key points:

A

Materials Needed: Yeast, glucose solution, test tubes, lime water, fermentation lock or balloon, water bath, thermometer, glucose test strips or Benedict’s solution.Procedure: Mix yeast with glucose solution in test tubes. Add lime water to the test tubes before sealing them with a fermentation lock or balloon to capture the gas produced during fermentation. Place the test tubes in a water bath at the appropriate temperature for yeast fermentation.Observations: Monitor the test tubes for the production of gas bubbles. The presence of gas bubbles indicates fermentation is occurring. Additionally, observe any changes in the lime water, such as cloudiness or the formation of a precipitate, which indicates the presence of carbon dioxide.Analysis: Test the presence of glucose before and after fermentation using glucose test strips or Benedict’s solution. Additionally, observe any changes in the lime water to confirm the production of carbon dioxide.Conclusion: Fermentation of glucose by yeast in the presence of lime water results in the production of carbon dioxide gas. The experiment demonstrates the metabolic process of yeast under anaerobic conditions and the conversion of glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Lime water serves as an indicator of carbon dioxide production during fermentation.

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4
Q

Leucocytes

A

Leucocytes, also known as white blood cells (WBCs), are a type of blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body’s immune system. They are responsible for defending the body against infectious diseases and foreign invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Leucocytes are produced in the bone marrow and are found circulating in the bloodstream as well as in tissues throughout the body. They come in several types, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each with its own specialized function in the immune response.

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5
Q

Digestion

A

Digestion: This is the process by which food is broken down into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. It occurs primarily in the digestive system, where enzymes and acids break down complex nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simpler forms that the body can absorb.

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6
Q

Assimilation

A

: After digestion, the smaller molecules produced (such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells throughout the body. Assimilation refers to the process by which these molecules are taken up and used by cells for energy, growth, and repair.

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7
Q

Absorption

A

: This is the specific process by which nutrients are taken up from the digestive tract into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It occurs primarily in the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed across the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall and then transported to various tissues and organs.

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8
Q

Inhibition

A

Inhibition: In the context of digestion and absorption, inhibition refers to the process of slowing down or blocking the activity of enzymes or transporters involved in nutrient breakdown or uptake. Inhibition can occur naturally as a regulatory mechanism in the body or can be induced by external factors such as drugs or toxins.

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9
Q

Taxis

A

: Taxis is a behavioral response exhibited by organisms in which they move toward or away from a stimulus. This movement is typically directed and purposeful, aiming to either approach a favorable stimulus (positive taxis) or move away from an unfavorable one (negative taxis). Taxis responses can be based on various stimuli, including light (phototaxis), chemicals (chemotaxis), temperature (thermotaxis), and gravity (geotaxis), among others.

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10
Q

Irritability

A

: In biology, irritability refers to the ability of an organism to respond to stimuli from its environment. This responsiveness allows organisms to detect changes in their surroundings and adjust their behavior or physiology accordingly. Irritability is often associated with the function of sensory receptors, which detect stimuli such as light, sound, touch, and chemicals, and transmit signals to the organism’s nervous system to initiate a response.

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11
Q

Locomotion

A

: Locomotion is the ability of an organism to move from one place to another. It involves the coordination of muscular contractions, skeletal support, and sometimes the use of external structures or appendages. Locomotion enables organisms to seek out resources, escape from predators, find mates, and explore their environment. Examples of locomotion in animals include walking, running, flying, swimming, crawling, and burrowing, among others.

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12
Q

In mammals, the exchange of nutrient metabolic products primarily occurs at various anatomical sites within the body, including:

A

Capillaries: Capillaries are tiny blood vessels located throughout the body, including within tissues and organs. They play a crucial role in exchanging nutrients, gases, and metabolic waste products between the bloodstream and surrounding cells. Nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and oxygen are delivered to tissues via capillaries, while metabolic waste products like carbon dioxide and urea are removed from tissues and transported away by the bloodstream.Cell Membranes: At the cellular level, exchange of nutrients and metabolic products occurs across cell membranes. Nutrients from the bloodstream, such as glucose and amino acids, enter cells through transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane. Conversely, metabolic waste products produced by cellular metabolism, such as carbon dioxide and water, exit the cell and enter the bloodstream for removal.Lymphatic System: The lymphatic system, consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs, also plays a role in nutrient exchange and waste removal. Lymphatic vessels collect excess interstitial fluid (lymph) from tissues and transport it back to the bloodstream. Along the way, lymph nodes filter the lymph, removing pathogens, cellular debris, and other waste products. Nutrient absorption from the digestive tract also occurs via the lymphatic system, particularly for dietary fats absorbed as chylomicrons.Excretory Organs: Organs such as the kidneys, liver, and lungs are involved in the elimination of metabolic waste products from the body. The kidneys filter blood to remove waste products like urea, creatinine, and excess ions, which are excreted in urine. The liver metabolizes toxins and drugs, converting them into less harmful substances for excretion. The lungs expel carbon dioxide produced by cellular respiration during breathing.Overall, the exchange of nutrient metabolic products in mammals involves a complex interplay between various organ systems, ensuring the delivery of essential nutrients to cells and the removal of waste products to maintain homeostasis.

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13
Q

endospermous

A

An endospermous seed is a type of seed in which the endosperm, a tissue rich in nutrients, is retained within the seed after fertilization. This endosperm serves as a source of nourishment for the developing embryo during germination. Common examples of plants with endospermous seeds include:
Maize (Corn): Maize seeds have a large endosperm that provides nutrients for the growing embryo. Corn kernels are a familiar example of endospermous seeds.
Wheat: Wheat grains also have endospermous seeds. The endosperm of wheat grains is milled into flour, which is widely used in baking and cooking.
Barley: Barley seeds contain endosperm that provides energy and nutrients for the developing plant. Barley is commonly used in brewing beer and as animal feed.
Rice: Rice grains have endospermous seeds enclosed within the outer hull. Rice is a staple food for a significant portion of the world’s population.
Coconut: The coconut seed is another example of an endospermous seed. The coconut endosperm is the white, fleshy part that is consumed as food or processed into coconut milk and oil.These are just a few examples of plants with endospermous seeds. Endosperm serves as a valuable energy reserve for the developing plant embryo, ensuring its successful germination and early growth.

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14
Q
  1. Autotrophism:
A

Autotrophs are organisms capable of producing their own organic molecules from inorganic sources, typically through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. They are self-sustaining and do not rely on other organisms for their nutritional needs. Autotrophs convert energy from sunlight (in the case of photoautotrophs) or from inorganic compounds (in the case of chemoautotrophs) into chemical energy stored in organic molecules. Plants, algae, and certain bacteria are examples of autotrophs.

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15
Q

Heterotrophism

A

: Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot produce their own organic molecules and must obtain them from external sources. They rely on consuming organic matter produced by other organisms to meet their nutritional requirements. Heterotrophs derive energy by breaking down complex organic molecules obtained from food through processes such as cellular respiration. Animals, fungi, many bacteria, and some protists are examples of heterotrophs.

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16
Q

Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula):

A

.
• Found in boggy areas of North and South Carolina in the United States.
• Characterized by hinged trap leaves that snap shut when triggered by prey.
• Prey is attracted by nectar secreted by the plant, and when an insect touches trigger hairs inside the trap, it snaps shut, trapping the insect.
• Digestive enzymes break down the insect to extract nutrients.

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17
Q

Pitcher plant (Nepenthes spp. and Sarracenia spp.):

A

• Found in various regions around the world, including tropical rainforests and temperate bogs.
• Have specialized leaves shaped like pitchers that collect rainwater and digestive enzymes.
• Insects are attracted to the nectar produced by the plant and fall into the pitcher, where they drown and are digested by enzymes.
• Some pitcher plants have evolved to attract larger prey, including small rodents and even birds.

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18
Q

Sundew (Drosera spp.):

A

• Found in nutrient-poor soils in various habitats worldwide, including bogs, marshes, and sandy areas.
• Characterized by glandular hairs on their leaves that secrete a sticky substance to trap insects.
• When an insect lands on the leaves and becomes stuck, the plant’s tentacles slowly curl around the prey, bringing it closer to the leaf surface.
• Digestive enzymes break down the insect, and the plant absorbs the nutrients.

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19
Q

Bladderwort (Utricularia spp.):

A

• Aquatic or semi-aquatic carnivorous plants found in ponds, lakes, and wetlands around the world.
• Have specialized bladder-like structures that trap and digest small aquatic organisms, including microscopic animals like protozoa and tiny crustaceans.
• Bladders have a vacuum-like mechanism that sucks in prey when triggered by touch or movement.
• Some species of bladderwort are also capable of capturing small fish and tadpoles.

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20
Q

Test tube containing cane sugar and water:

A

• This condition serves as a control to observe the natural behavior of cane sugar in the absence of any additional substances.
• Sucrose (cane sugar) is dissolved in water, forming a clear solution.
• Without any other agents present, sucrose remains unchanged in this solution over time.

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21
Q

Test tube containing cane sugar and diluted acid:

A

• In this condition, cane sugar is mixed with a diluted acid solution.
• The acid may act as a catalyst or facilitator for the breakdown (hydrolysis) of sucrose into its constituent sugars, glucose, and fructose.
• The presence of acid can accelerate the hydrolysis reaction, resulting in the conversion of sucrose into simpler sugars.

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22
Q

Test tube containing cane sugar and its degrading enzyme:

A

• Here, cane sugar is mixed with an enzyme that degrades sucrose, such as sucrase or invertase.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts that facilitate specific chemical reactions. In this case, the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose.
• The enzyme speeds up the breakdown of sucrose, leading to the conversion of cane sugar into its constituent sugars.

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23
Q

I. Test tube containing cane sugar and water. II. Test tube containing cane sugar and diluted acid. III. Test tube containing cane sugar and its 19 degrading enzyme.

A

Glucose will be detected in the test tube containing cane sugar and diluted acid, as well as in the test tube containing cane sugar and its degrading enzyme, after complete hydrolysis. In both of these conditions, the cane sugar (sucrose) undergoes hydrolysis, breaking down into its constituent sugars, glucose, and fructose. Glucose is one of the products of this hydrolysis reaction. Therefore, when the hydrolysis is complete, glucose will be present in these test tubes and can be detected through appropriate chemical tests or assays for glucose detection.

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24
Q

The enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of cane sugar (sucrose) into its constituent sugars, glucose, and fructose,

A

is sucrase or invertase. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis reaction by breaking the glycosidic bond between glucose and fructose molecules in sucrose, releasing glucose and fructose as separate monosaccharides.

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25
Q

The perilymph,

A

The perilymph, a fluid found in the inner ear, plays a crucial role in maintaining balance and equilibrium by transmitting mechanical vibrations to the brain via the vestibular nerve. The cochlea is responsible for hearing, the pinna is the visible part of the ear, and the ossicles are small bones in the middle ear involved in transmitting sound vibrations.

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26
Q

trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

A

This sequence represents the path of air as it passes through the respiratory system in mammals. It starts with the trachea (windpipe), then moves into the bronchi (singular: bronchus), followed by smaller bronchioles, and finally reaches the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

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27
Q

The correct sequence of the one-way gaseous exchange mechanism in a fish is:

A

In fish, the correct sequence of the one-way gaseous exchange mechanism is:Mouth: Water containing dissolved oxygen enters the fish’s mouth as it swims with its mouth open.Operculum: After entering the mouth, the operculum (gill cover) opens, allowing water to flow over the gills.Gills: Water flows over the gills, where gaseous exchange occurs, with oxygen being absorbed into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide being released into the water.So, the correct sequence is mouth → operculum → gills.

28
Q

The type of asexual reproduction in Paramecium is.

A

binary fission

29
Q

Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction common in unicellular organisms like bacteria and protozoa such as Paramecium. Here are some key points about binary fission:

A

Process: Binary fission involves the division of a single organism into two daughter organisms.DNA replication: Before division, the organism’s DNA is replicated, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic material.Division: The cell elongates and then divides into two nearly equal halves, each containing a copy of the genetic material.Growth: Each daughter cell grows to its full size, and the process repeats, leading to exponential population growth.Genetic variation: Binary fission typically produces genetically identical offspring, although mutations can introduce variation over time.Rapid reproduction: Binary fission allows for rapid reproduction in favorable environmental conditions, facilitating the rapid spread of populations.Energy efficiency: Binary fission is an energy-efficient method of reproduction, requiring minimal resources compared to sexual reproduction.Overall, binary fission is a simple yet effective mechanism for the rapid proliferation of unicellular organisms in various environments.

30
Q

Phototaxis

A

is the movement of an organism in response to light.Positive phototaxis: This occurs when an organism moves towards a source of light. For example, some microorganisms move towards light to maximize photosynthesis or to find prey.Negative phototaxis: This occurs when an organism moves away from light. For example, some organisms, like certain deep-sea creatures, move away from light to avoid potential predators or damage from intense sunlight.

31
Q

Developing Country:

A
  1. Broad base indicating a high birth rate and a large proportion of young people.
    1. Gradual narrowing of the pyramid towards the top due to improving healthcare and declining death rates, but still a significant number of children and young adults.
    2. Smaller proportion of elderly individuals due to shorter life expectancies and historical high birth rates.
    3. Overall, a pyramid shape with a wide base and tapering sides.
32
Q

Developed Country:

A
  1. More uniform distribution across age groups with a balanced number of children, adults, and elderly individuals.
    1. Smaller proportion of children due to lower birth rates and family planning initiatives.
    2. Slightly wider at the base than the top, indicating a moderate birth rate and longer life expectancy.
    3. Tapering sides indicating declining birth rates and steady or slightly increasing life expectancy.
33
Q

Underdeveloped Country:

A
  1. Very broad base indicating a high birth rate and a large proportion of young people.
    1. Steep tapering towards the top due to high mortality rates, especially among infants and children.
    2. Smaller proportion of elderly individuals due to shorter life expectancies and limited access to healthcare.
    3. Overall, a triangular shape with a wide base and rapidly narrowing sides.
34
Q

The interaction of a community of organisms with its abiotic environment constitutes an.

A

ecosystem

35
Q

Here are the key points about dracunculiasis, also known as Guinea worm disease:

A

Caused by Parasite: Dracunculiasis is caused by the parasitic worm Dracunculus medinensis, commonly known as the Guinea worm.
2. Transmission: The disease is transmitted when people consume water contaminated with copepods (small crustaceans) infected with Guinea worm larvae.
3. Incubation Period: After ingestion, larvae are released from copepods and penetrate the intestines, where they mature and mate. Female worms grow inside the human body for about a year before emerging.
4. Symptoms: The emergence of adult female Guinea worms through the skin causes symptoms such as blister formation, intense pain, fever, swelling, and itching.
5. Emergence: After about one year, the adult female Guinea worm, which can be up to one meter long, emerges from the skin, usually in the lower limbs. This process, known as “worm emergence,” can take weeks and is extremely painful.
6. Prevention and Control: Prevention focuses on providing safe drinking water sources, promoting proper water treatment and filtration methods, and educating communities on avoiding drinking contaminated water. Once infected, treatment involves extracting the worm by slowly winding it around a stick over several days without breaking it, to prevent secondary infection and complications.
7. Eradication Efforts: Dracunculiasis is targeted for eradication, and significant progress has been made. The number of cases has decreased dramatically in recent decades, thanks to coordinated efforts by organizations such as the Carter Center and the World Health Organization (WHO).
8. Endemic Regions: Guinea worm disease is endemic in rural and often remote areas of sub-Saharan Africa, where access to clean water and healthcare services may be limited.
9. Importance of Surveillance: Despite progress, continued surveillance and intervention efforts are essential to achieving the goal of global eradication of dracunculiasis.

36
Q

Culex Mosquitoes:

A
  1. Habitat: Culex mosquitoes are widespread and found in various habitats, including urban, suburban, and rural areas.
    1. Disease Transmission: They are known to transmit several diseases, including:
      • West Nile Virus: Culex mosquitoes are the primary vectors for West Nile virus, which can cause flu-like symptoms and, in severe cases, neurological complications.
      • Filariasis: Certain species of Culex mosquitoes can transmit filarial worms, leading to lymphatic filariasis or elephantiasis.
      • Japanese Encephalitis: In some regions, Culex mosquitoes can transmit Japanese encephalitis virus, which can cause severe inflammation of the brain.
    2. Biting Behavior: Culex mosquitoes are most active during the evening and night, and they typically feed on birds and mammals.
    3. Breeding Sites: They breed in a variety of stagnant water sources, such as ditches, ponds, and containers with standing water.
37
Q

Aedes Mosquitoes:

A
  1. Habitat: Aedes mosquitoes are also found in diverse habitats but are often associated with urban and peri-urban areas.
    1. Disease Transmission: Aedes mosquitoes are known to transmit several viral diseases, including:
      • Dengue Fever: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the primary vectors for dengue virus, which causes dengue fever, a flu-like illness with potentially severe complications.
      • Zika Virus: Aedes aegypti mosquitoes can transmit Zika virus, which is associated with birth defects and neurological complications.
      • Chikungunya: Both Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus can transmit chikungunya virus, which causes fever and severe joint pain.
      • Yellow Fever: Aedes aegypti is also a vector for yellow fever virus, which can cause a severe and sometimes fatal illness.
    2. Biting Behavior: Aedes mosquitoes are aggressive daytime biters, with peak activity occurring in the early morning and late afternoon.
    3. Breeding Sites: They prefer to breed in small, artificial containers with clean water, such as flower pots, tires, and water storage containers.
38
Q

Here are the key points about the life cycle of malaria:

A

Transmission: Malaria is transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
2. Infection: When an infected mosquito bites a human, it injects sporozoites (the infectious form of the parasite) into the bloodstream.
3. Liver Stage (Exoerythrocytic Stage):
• Sporozoites travel to the liver and infect hepatocytes (liver cells).
• Inside hepatocytes, sporozoites multiply asexually to form thousands of merozoites.
• This stage typically lasts 5 to 16 days, depending on the species of malaria parasite.
4. Blood Stage (Erythrocytic Stage):
• Merozoites are released from hepatocytes into the bloodstream.
• Merozoites invade red blood cells (erythrocytes) and multiply asexually, leading to the rupture of infected red blood cells.
• Ruptured red blood cells release more merozoites, which invade new red blood cells and continue the cycle.
• This stage causes the characteristic symptoms of malaria, including fever, chills, headache, and fatigue.
5. Gametocyte Stage:
• Some merozoites develop into sexual forms called gametocytes instead of multiplying in red blood cells.
• When another mosquito bites an infected human, it ingests gametocytes along with the blood.
6. Mosquito Stage:
• Inside the mosquito’s stomach, gametocytes mature into male and female gametes.
• Fertilization occurs, forming zygotes, which develop into motile ookinetes.
• Ookinetes penetrate the mosquito’s midgut wall and form oocysts on the outside of the midgut.
• Oocysts grow and rupture, releasing sporozoites into the mosquito’s body.
• Sporozoites migrate to the mosquito’s salivary glands, where they can be injected into another human host during a subsequent bite, restarting the cycle.

39
Q

Liver Stage (Exoerythrocytic Stage):

A

• Sporozoites travel to the liver and infect hepatocytes (liver cells).
• Inside hepatocytes, sporozoites multiply asexually to form thousands of merozoites.
• This stage typically lasts 5 to 16 days, depending on the species of malaria parasite.

40
Q

Blood Stage (Erythrocytic Stage):

A

• Merozoites are released from hepatocytes into the bloodstream.
• Merozoites invade red blood cells (erythrocytes) and multiply asexually, leading to the rupture of infected red blood cells.
• Ruptured red blood cells release more merozoites, which invade new red blood cells and continue the cycle.
• This stage causes the characteristic symptoms of malaria, including fever, chills, headache, and fatigue.

41
Q

Gametocyte Stage:

A

• Some merozoites develop into sexual forms called gametocytes instead of multiplying in red blood cells.
• When another mosquito bites an infected human, it ingests gametocytes along with the blood.

42
Q

Mosquito Stage:

A

• Inside the mosquito’s stomach, gametocytes mature into male and female gametes.
• Fertilization occurs, forming zygotes, which develop into motile ookinetes.
• Ookinetes penetrate the mosquito’s midgut wall and form oocysts on the outside of the midgut.
• Oocysts grow and rupture, releasing sporozoites into the mosquito’s body.
• Sporozoites migrate to the mosquito’s salivary glands, where they can be injected into another human host during a subsequent bite, restarting the cycle.

43
Q

here are the key points about male Anopheles mosquitoes:

A

Feeding Behavior: Male Anopheles mosquitoes primarily feed on plant nectar and other sources of sugar. Unlike females, they do not require blood meals for egg production.
2. Lifespan: The lifespan of male Anopheles mosquitoes is relatively short compared to females. They typically live for about 1 to 2 weeks.
3. Reproduction: Male Anopheles mosquitoes play a crucial role in the reproduction process. They locate and mate with female mosquitoes to fertilize their eggs.
4. Mating Behavior: Male Anopheles mosquitoes use their specialized antennae to detect the wingbeat frequency of nearby females. They engage in swarming behavior, forming groups in specific locations to attract females for mating.
5. Non-Vector Status: Unlike female Anopheles mosquitoes, males do not transmit diseases such as malaria. Their sole purpose is to mate and ensure the continuation of the species.
6. Resting Behavior: Male Anopheles mosquitoes typically rest outdoors, seeking shelter in vegetation or other natural habitats during the day. They are not known to enter human dwellings to rest or seek blood meals.

44
Q

Density-dependent environmental factors are those that exert their influence on a population based on its size or density. These factors become more significant as population density increases. Key points about density-dependent environmental factors include:

A
  1. Competition for Resources: As population density rises, competition for resources such as food, water, and shelter intensifies. Limited resources can lead to decreased reproductive success and increased mortality rates.
    1. Disease Transmission: Higher population densities can facilitate the spread of diseases among individuals. Close proximity increases the likelihood of disease transmission, leading to higher infection rates within the population.
    2. Predation: Predators may target areas with higher prey densities, leading to increased predation pressure on individuals within the population. This can result in higher mortality rates and decreased population growth.
    3. Intraspecific Competition: Within-species competition for mates, territories, or other resources may intensify as population density increases. This can affect reproductive success and social dynamics within the population.
    4. Stress and Aggression: Crowded conditions can lead to increased stress levels and aggression among individuals. Elevated stress hormones may negatively impact health and reproductive fitness, contributing to population regulation.
    5. Density-Dependent Regulation: Density-dependent factors often act as regulatory mechanisms that help maintain population equilibrium. Through mechanisms such as negative feedback loops, population densities may stabilize around carrying capacity, preventing overpopulation or extinction.
45
Q

Sudan Savannah

A

:
• Found in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in regions bordering the Sahara Desert.
• Characterized by grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs, often interspersed with small patches of woodland.
• Vegetation adapted to a semi-arid climate with distinct wet and dry seasons.
• Common tree species include acacias, baobabs, and shea trees.
• Supports diverse wildlife including grazers like antelopes, zebras, and giraffes, as well as predators like lions and cheetahs.
• Human activities such as agriculture, grazing, and logging pose threats to this ecosystem.

46
Q

Sahel Savannah

A

:
• Located south of the Sahara Desert, stretching across Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea.
• Transitional zone between the Sahara Desert to the north and the more humid savannahs to the south.
• Characterized by semi-arid grasslands with scattered drought-resistant shrubs and trees.
• Subject to extreme seasonal variations in temperature and rainfall, with prolonged dry periods.
• Vegetation includes species like acacias, grasses, and thorny shrubs adapted to arid conditions.
• Supports nomadic pastoralism and some agriculture, but is vulnerable to desertification due to overgrazing and climate change.

47
Q

Montane Forests:

A

• Found in mountainous regions around the world at high elevations, typically above the altitude of lowland forests.
• Characterized by cooler temperatures, higher humidity, and greater precipitation compared to lowland forests.
• Vegetation varies with altitude but often includes a mix of evergreen and deciduous trees, mosses, and ferns.
• Supports high biodiversity with many endemic species adapted to specific montane habitats.
• Important for regulating water flow, erosion control, and providing habitat for diverse wildlife.
• Threatened by deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and climate change.

48
Q

Tropical Rainforests:

A

• Located near the equator in Central and South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and parts of Oceania.
• Characterized by dense vegetation, high temperatures, and high rainfall throughout the year.
• Exhibits vertical stratification with distinct layers including emergent trees, canopy, understory, and forest floor.
• Home to the greatest biodiversity on Earth, with a wide variety of plant and animal species, many of which are endemic.
• Provides numerous ecosystem services including carbon sequestration, climate regulation, and freshwater supply.
• Facing threats from deforestation, logging, habitat fragmentation, and illegal wildlife trade.

49
Q

Lack of space in a population can lead to:

A

Increased competition: Individuals within the population must compete for limited resources such as food, water, shelter, and territory.Stress: Overcrowding can lead to stress among individuals, resulting in physiological and behavioral changes that may affect their health and well-being.Reduced reproductive success: High population density can hinder reproduction by increasing stress levels, reducing available resources, and limiting access to mates.Increased disease transmission: Close proximity among individuals can facilitate the spread of diseases and parasites, leading to higher rates of infection and mortality.Dispersal and emigration: Some individuals may disperse or emigrate from crowded areas in search of less crowded habitats with more favorable conditions.Changes in behavior: Overcrowding can alter social dynamics and behavior within the population, leading to increased aggression, territorial disputes, and changes in mating strategies.Population regulation: In response to overcrowding and resource scarcity, populations may experience natural regulatory mechanisms such as reduced birth rates, increased mortality rates, or both, to maintain ecological balance.

50
Q

Drought is a prolonged period of abnormally low precipitation, leading to water shortages and environmental stress. Key features of drought include:

A

Reduced precipitation: Drought is characterized by a significant decrease in rainfall over an extended period, resulting in limited water availability for various purposes such as agriculture, drinking water, and industry.Soil moisture depletion: Lack of rainfall leads to reduced soil moisture levels, which can impact crop growth, vegetation health, and water supply for terrestrial ecosystems.Water scarcity: Drought results in water shortages across different sectors, including agriculture, urban areas, and natural habitats, leading to competition for limited water resources and potential conflicts.Environmental impacts: Drought can have adverse effects on ecosystems, including reduced streamflow, drying of wetlands, loss of habitat for aquatic species, and increased wildfire risk due to dry vegetation.Economic consequences: Drought can cause significant economic losses, particularly in agriculture, where crop failures and livestock losses occur. Other sectors such as tourism, energy production, and manufacturing may also be affected by water shortages.Social impacts: Drought can have widespread social impacts, including food insecurity, displacement of communities, increased poverty, and health issues related to water scarcity and sanitation.Drought resilience: Building resilience to drought involves implementing strategies such as water conservation measures, efficient water management practices, drought-resistant crop varieties, and early warning systems to mitigate the impacts of drought events.

51
Q

The theories of survival of the fittest, use and disuse, and competition are all concepts that contribute to our understanding of evolution and the mechanisms driving it:

A

Survival of the Fittest: This theory, proposed by Charles Darwin, suggests that organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits to the next generation. Over time, this leads to the accumulation of beneficial traits in a population, a process known as natural selection.

Use and Disuse: This concept, proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, suggests that organisms can acquire new traits or lose existing ones based on how they use or fail to use certain body parts. According to Lamarck, these acquired traits could be passed on to offspring, leading to evolutionary change. However, this idea has been largely discredited in modern evolutionary biology.

Competition: Competition occurs when individuals within a population compete for limited resources such as food, mates, or territory. This competition can drive natural selection by favoring traits that provide a competitive advantage, such as increased efficiency in resource acquisition or defense against predators. It plays a significant role in shaping the evolution of species over time.

52
Q

Theory of variation

A

Yes, the theory of variation is a fundamental aspect of evolutionary theory. It explains how differences (variations) among individuals within a population arise due to genetic mutations, recombination, and other genetic mechanisms. These variations provide the raw material upon which natural selection acts, driving the process of evolution over time.

53
Q

Sex-linked traits:

A

Traits that are determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes (X or Y chromosomes). In humans, sex-linked traits are often associated with the X chromosome since it carries many more genes than the Y chromosome.

54
Q

Recessive traits:

A

Traits that are expressed only when an individual inherits two copies of the recessive allele, one from each parent. Recessive traits are masked by dominant alleles when present.

55
Q

Dominant traits:

A

Traits that are expressed when at least one copy of the dominant allele is present. Dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles when they are paired together.

56
Q

Homozygous

A

: Having two identical alleles for a particular gene. For example, if both alleles for a gene are dominant (e.g., AA) or both are recessive (e.g., aa), the individual is said to be homozygous for that gene.

57
Q

Codominance

A

: In codominance, both alleles of a gene are expressed in the phenotype of the heterozygote. This means that neither allele is dominant or recessive, and both contribute to the phenotype in a distinct and observable way. An example of codominance is the ABO blood group system in humans, where individuals with both A and B alleles express both A and B antigens on their red blood cells.

58
Q

Incomplete Dominance:

A

In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate blend of the homozygous phenotypes. Unlike in codominance, where both alleles are expressed separately, in incomplete dominance, the alleles mix together to produce a new phenotype. An example of incomplete dominance is the inheritance of flower color in snapdragons, where red homozygotes crossed with white homozygotes produce pink heterozygotes.

59
Q

Linkage

A

: Linkage refers to the tendency of genes located close together on the same chromosome to be inherited together more frequently than expected by chance alone. Genes that are linked are less likely to undergo independent assortment during meiosis and are often inherited together as a unit. However, linkage can be broken by genetic recombination, which occurs when crossing over exchanges genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

60
Q

Theory not considered by Darwin in evolution

A

Use and disuse

61
Q

If the cross of a red-flowered plant with a white-flowered plant produces a pink-flowered plant, it is an example of

A

If the cross of a red-flowered plant with a white-flowered plant produces a pink-flowered plant, it is an example of
B. incomplete dominance.

62
Q

The number of alleles controlling blood groups in humans is:

A

The number of alleles controlling blood groups in humans is:
A. 3

63
Q

The fallacy in Lamarck’s evolutionary theory was the assumption that B. acquired traits are heritable. Explain

A

Lamarck’s evolutionary theory, also known as Lamarckism, proposed that organisms could pass on characteristics acquired during their lifetime to their offspring. This concept is often summarized with the phrase “inheritance of acquired characteristics.” Lamarck suggested that if an organism used or didn’t use a particular body part, it would develop or deteriorate accordingly, and these changes could be passed on to the next generation.However, the fallacy in Lamarck’s theory was the assumption that acquired traits could be inherited. In other words, Lamarck believed that changes occurring in an individual during its lifetime, such as through use or disuse of a body part, could be passed on to its offspring. This concept contradicts the principles of genetics, which later research showed to be based on the inheritance of genetic material passed down through genes rather than acquired traits during an organism’s lifetime. Therefore, Lamarck’s idea that acquired traits are heritable was proven incorrect by subsequent scientific discoveries, particularly those related to genetics and the mechanisms of inheritance.

64
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Polygenic inheritance refers to the inheritance of traits that are controlled by multiple genes, each with a small additive effect. In this type of inheritance, the phenotype is determined by the cumulative effect of the alleles at multiple gene loci. Examples of traits that exhibit polygenic inheritance include height, skin color, and intelligence.

65
Q

Non-disjunction

A

Non-disjunction, on the other hand, is a genetic event that occurs during cell division, particularly during meiosis, where homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate properly. As a result, one gamete may receive an extra chromosome, while another gamete may be missing a chromosome. Non-disjunction can lead to chromosomal abnormalities, such as trisomy (three copies of a chromosome) or monosomy (one copy of a chromosome), which can have significant effects on the phenotype of an individual.