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Biology 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are microscopes used for?

A

To observe small objects in detail

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2
Q

What do animal cells contain?

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria

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3
Q

What do plant cells also contain (in addition to the animal cells)?

A

Chloroplasts
A vacuole
Cell wall

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4
Q

What do specialised cells have?

A

Specialised cells have a shape and structure suited to carry out a particular job

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5
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration

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6
Q

What is a uni-cellular organism?

A

It contains only one cell

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7
Q

What is a multi-cellular organism?

A

They are made up of many cells, grouped into tissues, working together to form organs that work in groups to form organ systems

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8
Q

What is the skeleton made up of?

A

Bones

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9
Q

What are the four important functions of the skeleton?

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Making blood cells

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10
Q

What are joints?

A

Joints occur where two or more bones join together

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11
Q

What does cartilage do?

A

Cartilage in joints stops bones rubbing together

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12
Q

What holds bones together?

A

Ligaments

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13
Q

What joins muscles to bones?

A

Tendons

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14
Q

What are antagonistic muscles?

A

They are pairs of muscles that work together at a joint. When one contracts the other relaxes.

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15
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

Light shines through a specimen
A series of lenses then magnifies the image
The specimen, such as a sample of cells, must be very thin, so it needs to be supported on a thin glass slide
The slide and specimen are transparent and allow the visible light to pass through to the magnifying lenses

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16
Q

A microscope is very _______ and must be treated with great ______

A

Fragile

Care

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17
Q

How do you lift the microscope?

A

You lift the microscope with 2 hands

One on the body and one under the base

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18
Q

How do you adjust the objective lens?

A

Adjust the objective lenses so that the lowest power lens is over the hole in the stage

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19
Q

For the objective lenses, how do you know which is the lowest power lens?

A

It is the shortest, it has a red band on it and it has the number 4 on it

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20
Q

Why is it important to have your head at the side of the microscope when turning the coarse focusing wheel to make the gap between the stage and the objective lens as small as possible?

A

So you do not smash the lens into the glass

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21
Q

When you put the microscope slide onto the stage, what do you use to fix it on?

A

Clips

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22
Q

How do you adjust the light source on the microscope?

A

This can be done by turning the iris diaphragm so that the field of view is bright but not dazzling
If using a mirror and a lamp, adjust the angle of the mirror

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23
Q

Look down the eyepiece lens and use the coarse focusing knob to slowly move the stage _____ from the objective lens until you can see a very clear, sharp image. Adjust the __________ to clarify further.

A

Away

Fine focusing knob

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24
Q

What do you do if you need greater magnification?

A

Turn to a higher power objective

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25
Q

If the power of your eyepiece lens is x10 and the power of the objective lens is also x10, then what is the magnification?

A

100 times

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26
Q

What is the simplest unit of plant and animals?

A

Cells

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27
Q

How many cells are in the human body?

A

50 million - 100 million cells

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28
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

It contains water and dissolved chemicals

Most of the chemical reactions, such as respiration, occur here

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29
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

It surrounds the cell and protects it from its environment.
It controls the entry and exit of dissolved substances

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30
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

It contains the genetic material called DNA which makes up genes and chromosomes
The DNA carries the instructions controlling the activities and characteristics of the cell

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31
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

This is where sugar and oxygen react together to release energy from the sugar.
The number of these structures present in the cell tells us how much energy that cell must produce to survive
Example: muscles cells have a large number of mitochondria

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32
Q

Which stain do you use to see colourless cells more clearly (example: cells from the lining of your cheek)?

A

Methylene blue

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33
Q

Give a brief description of the nucleus

A

Controls all the cell’s activities

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34
Q

Give a brief description of the cytoplasm

A

The living, jelly-like part of the cell where all the chemical reactions of the cell take place

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35
Q

Give a brief description of the cell membrane

A

Surrounds the living parts of the cell and controls what materials enter and leave the cell

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36
Q

Give a brief description of the cell wall

A

A thick wall surrounding the cell membrane, made up of cellulose

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37
Q

Give a brief description of a vacuole

A

A liquid-filled space in the centre of the cell

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38
Q

Give a brief description of chloroplasts

A

Contains the green pigment chlorophyll and are the site of food manufacture in the cell

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39
Q

Give a brief description of mitochondria

A

Here sugar and oxygen react together to release energy from the sugar

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40
Q

What are the cell structures that are part of both plant and animal cells?

A

Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm

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41
Q

What are the cell structures that are found only in plants?

A

Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Vacuole

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42
Q

In multicellular organism, we find that different cells carry out different tasks and function, they have become ________

A

Specialised

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43
Q

What are the plant cells found in the upper part of leaves called?

A

Palisade cells

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44
Q

What makes the leaves green?

A

Chlorophyll

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45
Q

What is Chlorophyll and where is it found?

A

Chlorophyll is a chemical essential for photosynthesis

Chlorophyll is found in chloroplasts

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46
Q

What is the job of palisade leaf cells?

A

To produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water using energy from the sun

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47
Q

What do the palisade leaf cells look like?

A

They are long and thin and are arranged like bricks in a row

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48
Q

What does a root hair cell look like?
Why does it look like this?
What is the job of the root hair cell?
What does the root hair cell NOT have?

A

It is long and thin
This gives it a large surface area
Its job is to absorb water and minerals from the soil
Root hair cells do NOT have chloroplasts

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49
Q

What do sperm cells resemble and why?

A

Tadpoles

They both have long, lashing tails to help them swim

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50
Q

Sperm cells have plenty of ________

A

Mitochondria

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51
Q

Why does the sperm cell have a lot of mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria provides energy for the long swim to the egg cell

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52
Q

What is the role of the sperm cell?

A

To fertilise an egg

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53
Q

Under a microscope, what does nerve cells look like?

A

Like trees in winter
At one end, surrounding the nucleus, are lots of ‘branches’
There is long, thin ‘trunk’ ending in a cluster of ‘roots’

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54
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

To receive and pass on messages, in the form of electrical signals, to different parts of the body

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55
Q

Describe a red blood cell

A

They are shaped like ‘donut’ peaches
They do not have a nucleus because they are designed to carry as much oxygen as possible
They are packed with a special, oxygen-carrying molecule called haemoglobin

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56
Q

What is the function of the palisade leaf cell?

What is their adaptation?

A

To captures as much light as possible to enable photosynthesis to occur
They have lots of chlorophyll

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57
Q

What is the function of the root hair cell?

What is their adaptation?

A

Take in water and minerals from the soil

They have a long finger-like projection with very thin walls and a large surface area

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58
Q

What is the function of the sperm cell?

What is their adaptation?

A

They carry genetic material to the egg cell

They have a tail to help them swim and reach the egg cell

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59
Q

What is the function of the nerve cell?

What is their adaptation?

A

They carry information to and from the brain

These cells have very long, thread-like projections

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60
Q

What is the function of the red blood cell?

What is their adaptation?

A

They carry oxygen in the blood to all the other cells in the body
They have no nucleus

61
Q

What is the function of the egg cell?

What is their adaptation?

A

When the egg and sperm cells join they make a new individual

They have a large cytoplasm and food for the growing embryo

62
Q

In plant cells, what traps light for photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts

63
Q

In plant cells, what is made of cellulose?

A

Cell wall

64
Q

In the freshwater environment water enters the algal cell. What is the name of the process by which water moves into cells?

A

Osmosis

65
Q

Give the reason why the algal cell does not burst

A

Because it has a strong rigid cell wall on the outside of the cell membrane

66
Q

What are examples of specialised plant cells?

A

Palisade cells

Root hair cells

67
Q

What are examples of specialised animal cells?

A

Sperm cells
Red blood cells
Egg cells

68
Q

What are 2 examples of uni-cellular organisms?

A

Amoeba

Euglena

69
Q

Give some features of amoeba

A

No fixed shape
It lives in fresh water, salt water, wet soil and sometimes even in humans
They move by changing the shape of their body
They can move in any direction

70
Q

Name 2 structures that an amoeba has in common with an animal cell

A

Cell membrane

Nucleus

71
Q

What does an amoeba have in common with a plant cell?

A

Vacuole

72
Q

Describe how an amoeba feeds

A

It takes food by extending arm-like structures called pseudopodia from any part of its body
Pseudopodia surrounds food particles
The food particles is trapped in a vacuole
Digestive enzymes break down the food
The nutrients are absorbed
Waste is thrown out of the body

73
Q

Euglena is found in _______ and have features of both ______ and ______ cells

A

Freshwater
Animal
Plant

74
Q

In the Euglena, what are the roles of the eye-spot and flagellum?

A

Eye-spot: detects where there is light

Flagellum: allows the cell to move

75
Q

How do uni-cellular organisms reproduce?

A

Binary fission

76
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

77
Q

How do substances move in and out of cells?

What are some examples of substances?

A

By diffusion

Oxygen, glucose and carbon dioxide

78
Q

How does water enter the plants from the soil?

A

Though the root hair cells by diffusion

79
Q

What is the function of a cell?

A

It is the building blocks of life

80
Q

What is the function of tissue?

A

It is a group of similar cells working together

81
Q

What is the function of an organ?

A

It is a group of tissues working together

82
Q

What is the function of an organ system?

A

It is a group of organs working together

83
Q

What is the function of an organism?

A

It is a group of organ systems working together

84
Q

The levels of organisation are put into a ________ based on their size and complexity

A

Hierarchy

85
Q

What are the levels of hierarchy from least complex to most complex?
Give an example

A 
Cells - muscle cells
Tissues - muscle tissues
Organs - heart
Organ system - circulatory system
Organism - human
86
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

What are the major organs?

A

It permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients.

Major organs - heart, lungs, arteries and veins

87
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

What are the major organs?

A

To deliver air to the lungs. It allows diffusion of oxygen into the bloodstream. It receives waste carbon dioxide from the blood and exhales it
Major organs - airways, lungs, muscles of respiration

88
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

What are the major organs?

A

It neutralises pathogens like bacteria.
It protects the body against infections.
Major organs - tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, bone marrow

89
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

What are the major organs?

A

It breaks down food into small molecules which are then absorbed into the body.
Major organs - mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

90
Q

What is the function of the musculoskeletal system?

What are the major organs?

A

It supports the body, allowing motion and protecting vital organs
Major organs - bones, muscles

91
Q

What is bone?

A

Bone is a living tissues with a blood supply that is growing and changing all the time. Together, the bones of your body make up your skeleton

92
Q

Name the main parts of the skeleton

A 
Skull
Jaw bone
Clavicle
Shoulder blade
Sternum
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Ribs
Back bone
Pelvis
Femur
Knee cap
Tibia
Fibula
93
Q

What are the 4 main roles of the skeleton?

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Making blood cells

94
Q

What is bone made up of?

A

Long protein fibres (organic)

Mixtures of calcium compounds (inorganic)

95
Q

What does the mineral component in bone do?

A

It strengthens the bone

96
Q

What does the organic component of bone do?

A

It makes the bone more bendy and less brittle

97
Q

What are joints?

A

Joints occur where 2 or more bones join together

98
Q

Most of our joints are ______, but some of the bones in our skeleton are joined _____ together and cannot move
Give an example

A

Flexible
Rigidly
The joints of your skull were flexible before birth, but became fixed after you were born

99
Q

Explain how flexibility of the skull joints is an advantage when a baby is born

A

To make childbirth easier.

It makes it easier for the head to pass through the birth canal

100
Q

Why is it important for the skull joints to become fixed after birth?

A

To protect the brain because the brain is a soft organ

101
Q

What are the different types of joint?

A

Fixed joints
Hinge joint
Ball and socket joint

102
Q

What is the function of the hinge joint?

Give examples

A

It allows bending in only one direction

Examples: ankle, elbow, knee, fingers

103
Q

What is the function of the ball and socket joint?

Give examples

A

It allows twisting and bending

Examples: shoulder, hip

104
Q

What are the ends of bones covered in?

A

Cartilage

105
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Cartilage is softer than bone. It reduces friction and acts as a shock-absorber.
If your bones were not covered in cartilage, they would directly rub against each other and cause a lot of pain

106
Q

Where else is cartilage found (besides the end of bones)?

A

Nose, earlobes, breastbone

107
Q

Besides bone and cartilage, what else does joints contain?

A

Joints also contain fluid which keeps the cartilage slippery and allows smooth movement

108
Q

What are the bones of a joint held together by?

A

Ligaments

109
Q

What are tendons?

A

They attach muscles to bone.

They are strong fibres that do not stretch.

110
Q

How do muscles bring about movement?

A

They can only bring about movement by contracting.

111
Q

What does contracting mean?

A

The muscles get shorter and pull on the tendon attached to the bone, causing the bone to move

112
Q

Muscles can only ____, they cannot _____

A

Can only pull

Cannot push

113
Q

At many joints, muscles have to work in ______. We call these __________.

A

Pairs

Antagonistic muscle pairs

114
Q

Give an example of antagonistic muscle pairs

A

Biceps at the front of your arm

Triceps at the back of your arm

115
Q

How do muscles work together to bend and straighten the arm?

A

When the biceps muscle contracts and the triceps relax the arm bends
When the triceps muscle contracts and the biceps relax, the arm straightens

116
Q

What are special features that help a cell or organism carry out its function?

A

Adaptations

117
Q

What are muscles working in unison to create movement? When one muscles contracts that other relaxes

A

Antagonistic muscle pair

118
Q

What is the tissue found inside some bones where new blood cells are made?

A

Bone marrow

119
Q

What is the smooth tissue found at the ends of bones which reduces friction between them?

A

Cartilage

120
Q

What is the unit of a living organism? It contains parts to carry out life processes.

A

Cell

121
Q

What surrounds the cell and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell?

A

Cell membrane

122
Q

What strengthens the cell? In plants it is made from cellulose.

A

Cell wall

123
Q

What contains the green pigment chlorophyll?

What does chlorophyll do?

A

Chloroplast

Chlorophyll absorbs light energy during photosynthesis

124
Q

What transports substances around the body?

A

Circulatory system

125
Q

What is the jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions take place inside cells?

A

Cytoplasm

126
Q

What is one way for substances to move into and out of cells, from a high concentration to a low concentration?

A

Diffusion

127
Q

What breaks down and then absorbs food molecules?

A

Digestive system

128
Q

What protects the body against infections?

A

Immune system

129
Q

Where are places where bones meet?

A

Joints

130
Q

What connects bones in joints?

A

Ligaments

131
Q

What is the part of the cell where energy is released from food molecules (glucose) during respiration?

A

Mitochondria

132
Q

What are living organisms made up of more than one type of cell?

A

Multicellular

133
Q

Which system has muscles and bones working together to cause movement and support the body?

A

Muscular skeletal system

134
Q

What contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell and controls the cell’s activities?

A

Nucleus

135
Q

What is a group of different tissues working together to carry out a job?

A

Organ

136
Q

What produces sperm and eggs? In a female this is where the foetus develops

A

Reproductive system

137
Q

What replaces oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood?

A

Respiratory system

138
Q

What connects muscles to bone?

A

Tendons

139
Q

What are groups of cells of the same type?

A

Tissue

140
Q

What are living organisms made up of one cell?

A

Uni-cellular

141
Q

What contains liquid (sap) and can be used by plants to keep the cell rigid and store substances?

A

Vacuole

142
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell

143
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

It strengthens the cell

144
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

It is where most of the chemical reactions take place

145
Q

What is the function of chromosome?

A

This is where the genes are

146
Q

What are two differences between an animal cell and the cell of a bacterium?

A

Bacteria cells do not have a cell nucleus

Bacterial cells do not have mitochondria

147
Q

Give one way that a cell wall is different from a cell membrane

A

The cell wall is completely permeable

The cell membrane is semi-permeable

148
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206 bones

Parisha vocabulary (19 decks)

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