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biology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

eukaryotic cells (yu-kar-yotik)

A

-has a nucleus to contain chromosomes
-can be animal, plant, fungus or protist cells

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2
Q

prokaryotic cells (proh -kar-yotik)

A

-does not contain a nucleus
-usually a lot smaller than eukaryotic cells
-may contain plasmids

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3
Q

cell differentiation

A

as an organism develops, cells differentiate to form different types of cell
such as stem cell to a muscle or liver cell

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4
Q

features of a «light» microscope

A

-low resolution
-low magnification
-cheap
-portable
-specimens can be viewed alive

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5
Q

features of an «electron» microscope

A

-high resolution
-high magnification
-expensive
-not portable
-specimens can not be viewed alive

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6
Q

how do you calculate magnification?

A

magnification = image size / actual size

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7
Q

what is the calculation for mm -> μm ( micrometer )

A

mm -> μm is x1000

μm -> mm is divide by 1000

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8
Q

what are the features of a sperm cell

A

-high number of mitochondria
-ribosomes that make enzymes in the head

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9
Q

what are the features of the nerve cell

A

-long
-lots of branches (dendrites, like dendro)

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10
Q

what are the features of the muscle cell

A

-high number of mitochondria
-high number of ribosomes
-store glycogen

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11
Q

what are the features of the xylem cell (plant or animal?)

A

-walls thickened with lignin to strengthen the walls into a tube
plant

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12
Q

what are the features of the phloem cell (plant or animal?)

A

-sections between cells called sieves to help transport substances (eg. dissolved sugars)
plant

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13
Q

what are the features of the root hair cell (plant or animal?)

A

-large surface area
-lack of chloroplasts
-large vacuole
plant

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: The total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the ________ magnification by the ________ magnification.

A

eyepiece, objective

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15
Q

What type of microscope uses a beam of electrons instead of light?

A

Electron microscope

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16
Q

True or False: The higher the magnification, the lower the resolution.

A

False

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17
Q

What is resolution in microscopy?

A

Resolution is the ability to distinguish two adjacent points as separate.

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18
Q

What is the typical magnification range of a light microscope?

A

40x to 1000x

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19
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm in a microscope?

A

To control the amount of light reaching the specimen.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The ________ is the part of the microscope that holds the objective lenses.

A

nosepiece

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21
Q

What is the purpose of staining specimens before observation under a microscope?

A

To enhance contrast and visibility of structures.

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22
Q

What does ‘magnification’ refer to in microscopy?

A

How much bigger the image is than the actual specimen

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The ________ is the part of the microscope that focuses light onto the specimen.

A

condenser

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24
Q

what is a chromosome

A

chromosomes are thread like structures made of dna that carry genetic information
(genes)

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25
what is dna
dna is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions for growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all living organisms
26
what is a gene
a gene is a selection of dna that carries the instructions for making a specific protein, which determines a particular trait
27
describe the stages of the cell cycle
interphase -> mitosis -> cytokinesis
28
explain the importance of mitosis
it is essential for : growth repair asexual reproduction … in organisms and ensures that the new cells both recieve identical chromosomes
29
what happens in the interphase in mitosis what phase is it?
the cell grows dna replicates - two copies of each chromosome dna is checked for errors and any repairs made phase 1
30
what happens in the metaphase in mitosis (meet) what phase is it?
chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell and spindle fibres attach to the centromeres 2nd phase
31
what happens in the anaphase / mitosis in mitosis what phase is it?
the sister chromatids separate and move to the opposite poles of the cell nucleus divides 3rd phase
32
describe the telophase in mitosis what phase is it?
chromosomes reach the poles cytoplasm divides into two new cell membrane chromosomes decondense final phase
33
how can you calculate the proportion of time spent in mitosis give the cell cycle time for a tissue
time spent in mitosis / total time of the cell cycle x 100
34
palisade cell ( its yellow and green, rectangular looking )
describing: has a lot of chloroplasts explaining: absorbs as much energy as possible, for light energy and photosynthesis
35
nerve cell ( long string with crusty dog ahh strands on one side )
describing: highly folded all membrane lots of mitochondria and ribosomes explaining: allows contact with lots of other cells mitochondria releases energy ribosomes make and release proteins (called neurotransmitters)
36
root hair cell ( ‘excited’ rectangle )
describing: elongated all membrane explaining: gives a large surface area to maximise water and mineral uptake
37
white blood cell ( blue blob )
describing: lots of ribosomes cell membrane can change shape explaining: makes lots of proteins (antibodies and enzymes) membrane can wrap around pathogens to ingest them
38
red blood cell ( red blob with even redder centre )
describing: no nucleus biconcave shape explaining: allows more hemoglobin to allow maximum oxygen binding gives a large surface area to maximise oxygen carrying ability
39
sperm cell
describing: lots of mitochondria ribosomes in the head streamlined shape explaining: releases energy to power the tail releases enzymes from the head to digest the egg cell membrane helps it to swim to the egg
40
xylem vessel ( dotted tube surrounded by tube on each side )
describing: well enforced with ligin explaining: gives additional strength to withstand water
41
phloem tissue (reverse bamboo with water and food going up n down each segment)
describing: end plates with perforations explaining: allows flow of glucose
42
order the nucleus,dna,chromosomes and gene from smallest to largest
DNA -> gene -> chromosomes -> nucleus
43
what things start out as a single fertilised egg cell
plants and animals
44
what do all living organisms need to do
replace worn out or damaged cells
45
what needs to be copied for the daughter cells to turn out identical
ribosomes,mitochondria etc
46
what is the final step of mitosis
cell membrane forms and cytoplasm divides
47
explain the term biconcave
the shape of red blood cells which have a depressed centre on both sides,allowing for a larger surface area for the exchange of gases
48
define ‘isotonic’
isotonic solution has the same concentration of solutes as the cell, resulting in no net movement of water
49
what happens to a plant cell when it is plasmolyzed
plasmolysis occurs when a plant cell loses water and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall, making it shrink
50
describe a turgid plant cell
swollen with water, exerting pressure on the cell wall; providing support and rigidity to the plant
51
why is osmosis important in animals
crucial in maintaining the balance of water and solutes in water cells, allowing for proper cell function and preventing dehydration and bursting
52
how do you calculate the percentage change of mass in plant tissue
initial mass - final mass x 100
53
what is that tail thing on the beck of a prokaryotic cell called
flagellum
54
what do bacterium / prokaryotic cells have alongside a cell wall and cell membrane
a gelatinlike capsule
55
the cells of eukaryotes also contain lots of ………….. ………… eg. mitochondria
specialised organelles
56
what does ‘compare’ mean in science ?
describe similarities and differences
57
what do plant and animal cells have in common
mitochondria,ribosomes,cytoplasm ,cell membrane, nucleus
58
what do plant cells have in addition to animal cells
vacuole, choroplast and cell wall
59
what are two examples of prokaryotic cells
ecoli, influenza
60
what is the symbol for micrometers
(upside down ‘n’)m
61
what are three examples of diffusion in the body
oxygen - from the lungs into the blood (or from the blood into the cells) carbon dioxide - from the blood into the lungs to be breathed out glucose - from the blood into the cells digested food particles - from the small intestine into the bloodstream
62
what are five factors that will affect the rate of diffusion
- tmperature - the concentration gradient (how high or low it is) - size of diffusing molecules - size of the membrane - surface area to volume ratio (high is faster, low is slower)
63
how do you calculate total magnification
image size / actual size
64
what is the gelatinous liquid filling both plant and animal cells
cytoplasm
65
wat colour will water turn when using Benedict solution to test for glucose
brick red
66
name two examples of osmosis in living things
kidneys - water leaves the blood via osmosis root cells - water from the soil going into the root
67
how do you work out the duration of each stage during mitosis
add up number of cells find cycle length (like 24 hours) stage x = 8 (for example) 8/43 x 24 (hours)
68
what can embryonic cells do
they can be. cloned and made to differentiate into most types of human cells
69
what can bone marrow do in adults
it’s stem cells can form many types of cells including blood cells
70
what can meristems do
differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant
71
what are undifferentiated cells capable of doing
they are capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type can los differenciate into other cells
72
how do you calculate the percentage change of mass in the potato practical
change of mass (g) / initial mass of potato (g) + % change in mass
73
what did you do after blotting the water off the potato
measure the mass of each using a top pan balance measure the length of each piece using a ruler record in table
74
how long do you let the potatoes sit in the salt solution for
24 hours
75
what are the pieces of equipment you need for the potato required practical
- boiling tubes - potato cubes / cylinders - distilled water - 1.0m sugar solution - electronic balance - ruler - measuring cylinder
76
how much of the water / sugar or salt solution do you pour into each boiling tubes
100cm^3
77
what is a piece of data that doesn’t fit into the rest called
anomalous
78
what are examples of diffusion in the human body and how do they make themselves have a high rate of diffusion
alveoli in the lungs villi in the small intestine - having a arge surface area - a membrane that is thin ; provides a short diffusion path - (in animals) having an efficient blood supply
79
onion cell is 0.1mm in length 80 mm in photograph thru microscope what magnification was used
size of image / size of real object = 800 x
80
image of cell is 1mm magnified by 40x what is the real/actual size of the cell
size of image / magnification = 0.025mm
81
why should the lowest magnification be used when first tying to see a specimen
to give the widest field of view
82
how do you prepare a slide to view under a microscope
(1) use tweezers (2) peel thin layer of epidermis’s off some onion skin (3) drop some iodine / stain onto it use a mounted needle to slowly lower coverslip (4) on top of specimen (5) view under microscope
83
how do you calculate image size
actual size x magnification
84
Fill in the blank: To balance the equation, you may only change the ______ of the compounds, not the subscripts.
coefficients.
85
What is the first step in balancing a chemical equation?
Write the unbalanced equation.
86
Which of the following is a balanced equation? A) H2 + O2 → H2O B) 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O C) H2 + O2 → 2H2O
B) 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O.

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