Biological Sciences Flashcards
Esophagus
conduit throguh which a food bolus passes from the pharynx to the stomach, propeled by peristalsis
has two sphincters that prevent the movement of food in the wrong direction
lower- prevents stomach acid from entering esophagus, no glands that secrete into the esophageal lumen
What are the sites of chemical digestion in the body?
mouth, stomach, small itnestine
parietal cells
secrete HCL
chief cells
secrete pepsin
neruoendocrine cells
secrete gastrin
duodenum
mucosal glands called Brunners glands which secrete mucus to protect the small intestine from acidity of gastric juices
small intestine
pits known as crypts of Lieberkhun which have mucus secreting glandular cells
secrete aminopeptidase and dipeptidases- enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds
enterokinase
converts trypsingoen to trypsin in intestinal glands of small intestine’
liver
synthesizes bile which emulsifies fats
detoxifies poisons of cellular metabolism
regulation of blood glucose concentration
does not neutralize gastric acidity
TSH
TSH stimulates T4
acteylycholine
released by neuron in neuromuscular junction in order to produce an action potential int eh muscle
syntesized in the presynaptic neuron from acetyl CoAA and choline
choline
recycled by uptake of choline by presynaptic neuron
small amounts are produced by neuron
Increased levels of CO2
chemoreceptors and medula oblongata respond to inccreased levles of CO2 by stimulating respiration in order to correct CO2 levels
monosaccharide in aqueous soution forms…
two isomeric cyclic hemiacetals or anomers
blood pressure
force per area that blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels
increase in arteriolar pressure–
direct increase in blood pressure within capillaries since arterioles lead directly into the capillaries
precapillary sphincters
pieces of smooth musccle surrounding the front end of capillaries
closure- decrease in amount of blood sent through capilaries
decrease in blood pressure
ectoderm
epidermis, lens of eye, inner ear, adrenaal medulla, nervous system
mesoderm
musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonasd, and kidnes, lining of body cavity and dermis
endoderm
lining of digestive tract, lining of respiratory system, liver, pancreas
anemic hypoxia
condition when arterial parial pressure of oxygen remains the same, but amount of hemoglobin available for binding oxygen is reduced
peak at 1735
carbonyl
2800
C-H stretch
3200cm
O-H stretch
11.2 shift in NMR
carboxylic acid
lactase deficiency causes…
abnormally high concentrationo of lactose in intestinal lumen and stool sample
remain in intestinal lumen, increase concentraion of soutes and less water is reabsorbed- diarrhea
sarcomere contraction
occurs through the sliding of the thin filaments along the thick filaments towards the centter of the sarcomere
length of both thick and thin filaments remains unchanged
increased overlap between thick and thin filaments
ether
R-O-R
ester
RCOOR
acetic acid
C2H4O2
