Biological Science (Integrated) Flashcards
1
Q
Channels in plant cells that allow for communication and transport between adjacent cells.
A
Plasmodesmata
2
Q
The process of preserving cells, tissues, or organs at extremely low temperatures to maintain their viability.
A
Cryopreservation
3
Q
A DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, leading to genetic variation.
A
Transposon
4
Q
The study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence.
A
Epigenetics
5
Q
The protective cap at the end of a chromosome that shortens with each cell division and is associated with aging and cellular senescence.
A
Telomere
6
Q
The process by which cells degrade and recycle their own components to maintain cellular homeostasis.
A
Autophagy
7
Q
The study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples, providing insights into the diversity and function of microbial communities.
A
Metagenomics
8
Q
The presence of two or more genetically distinct cell populations within an organism, often resulting from the fusion of embryos.
A
Chimerism
9
Q
A type of transposon that uses an RNA intermediate to insert copies of itself into new genomic locations.
A
Retrotransposon
10
Q
The formation of new species due to geographic isolation, where populations are separated and evolve independently.
A
Allopatric speciation
11
Q
The community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, that inhabit a particular environment, such as the human gut.
A
Microbiome
12
Q
The number, size, and shape of chromosomes in an individual or a species.
A
Karyotype
13
Q
A gene that, when mutated or overexpressed, contributes to the development of cancer by promoting cell proliferation or inhibiting cell death.
A
Oncogene
14
Q
A phenomenon in genetics where the effects of one gene are dependent on the presence of one or more modifier genes.
A
Epistasis
15
Q
The process by which organisms maintain the balance of water and solutes within their bodies, especially in relation to osmotic pressure.
A
Osmoregulation
16
Q
An infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans.
A
Zoonosis
17
Q
A coding region of a gene that contains information for protein synthesis.
A
Exon
18
Q
A non-coding region of a gene that is transcribed but removed during RNA splicing before translation.
A
Intron
19
Q
A set of genetic variations (alleles) that are inherited together on the same chromosome.
A
Haplotype
20
Q
Programmed cell death, essential for development, tissue homeostasis, and elimination of damaged or infected cells.
A
Apoptosis
21
Q
The formation of new species within the same geographic area, often due to ecological or behavioral factors.
A
Sympatric speciation
22
Q
A parasite that lives on the external surface of its host.
A
Ectoparasite
23
Q
A mutually beneficial relationship between different species in which one organism lives inside the other.
A
Endosymbiosis
24
Q
The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, such as a protein.
A
Gene expression
25
One of the alternative forms of a gene that arise from mutations and occupy the same gene locus on a chromosome.
Allele
26
A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis.
Codon
27
A laboratory technique used to simultaneously analyze the expression levels of thousands of genes or genetic variations.
Microarray
28
The basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells, consisting of DNA wrapped around a histone protein core.
Nucleosome
29
The large-scale study of proteins, including their structures, functions, and interactions within a biological system.
Proteomics
30
The process of combining two different species or varieties to create offspring with genetic traits from both parents.
Hybridization
31
A molecule or substance that triggers an immune response, typically by binding to antibodies or T-cell receptors.
Antigen
32
The transfer of genetic material between non-parental organisms, often through mechanisms such as horizontal gene transfer.
Lateral gene transfer
33
A type of immune cell that presents antigens to other immune cells, playing a crucial role in initiating immune responses.
Dendritic cell
34
Quorum sensing
A mechanism by which bacteria coordinate their behavior based on population density, using chemical signals to regulate gene expression.
35
A polymer that forms the cell walls of bacteria, providing structural support and protection against osmotic pressure.
Peptidoglycan
36
A molecule that inhibits or neutralizes the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species, protecting cells from oxidative stress.
Antioxidant
37
The position of an organism in a food chain or ecological pyramid, indicating its feeding relationship and energy transfer.
Trophic level
38
The movement of cells or organisms in response to chemical gradients
Chemotaxis
39
The following are competencies of Carolus Linnaeus, except:
a. zoologist
b. physician
c. philosopher
d. botanist
Philosopher
40
Which of the following is NOT part of the Integumentary System studied in Anatomy?
a. Bones
b. Hair
c. Skin
d. Nails
Bones
41
Which of the following genetic disorders cause body tremors and stiffness, shown especially among elders?
a. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
b. Parkinson’s Disease
c. Turner Syndrome
d. Down Syndrome
Parkinson's Disease
42
Which of the following exhibit macroglossia, a disorder in which the tongue is larger than normal?
a. Turner Syndrome
b. Down Syndrome
c. Beta Thalassemia
d. Kawasaki Syndrome
Down Syndrome
43
It is the process by which species from different ancestors develop similar traits/characteristics?
a. Speciation
b. Natural selection
c. gradualism
d. common descent
Natural Selection
44
On the anatomy of the heart, which animal has a four-chambered heart?
a. tadpoles
b. reptiles
c. fishes
d. man
Man
45
These are the terms for the biological process by which individual organisms or offspring are produced by parents, EXCEPT:
a. reproduction
b. maturation
c. breeding
d. procreation
Maturation
46
In the Kingdom Monera, which Bacteria is the most ancient because they resemble the first forms of life on earth that thrive in the harshest environment?
a. Gram-negative bacteria
b. Archaebacteria
c. Cyanobacteria
d. Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
47
Who coined the term “scientist”?
William Whewell
48
Who coined the term “gene”?
Wilhelm Johannsen
49
The time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a chemical, or radiation and when symptoms and signs are first apparent
a. Inoculation
b. Incubation
c. Intoxication
d. Latency
Incubation
50
Which of the following laboratory apparatuses is used to magnify objects that is too small to see with the naked eye?
Microscope
51
12. Which of the following microorganisms is used to make alcohol and rise of dough in bread making?
a. Yeast
b. virus
c. fungi
d. amoeba
Yeast
52
Gregor Mendel is known as the father of ___________________?
Genetics
53
Plants produce their own food with the use of carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water and are called?
Autotrophic
54
Oil, margarine, wax are all examples of ________________.
a. Lipids
b. proteins
c. carbohydrate
d. nucleic acid
Lipids
55
What raw materials are needed for cellular respiration?
Glucose and Oxygen
56
Which is the longest cell in the human body?
a. Skin
b. Nerve cell
c. Epithelial cell
d. Connective cell
Nerve Cell
57
The Danish botanist who coined the term "gene" used as a functional unit of heredity.
a. Thomas Morgan
b. Wilhelm Johannsen
c. Gregor Mendel
d. Matthias Schleiden
Wilhelm Johannsen
58
Protozoa, seaweeds and molds are not plant and not animals because the share the same kingdom. They are classified under Kingdom?
a. Protista
b. Virus
c. Monera
d. Prokaryote
Protista
59
Blood test are used in the following EXCEPT
a. Herpes
b. Gonorrhea
c. HIV
d. Covid-19
Covid-19
60
A change in the DNA sequence resulting internally from errors in cell division or externally from harmful environmental factors such as ionizing radiation, chemical or infections which may result to genetic abnormality called_____.
Mutation
61
Zebra, horse, and donkey are different species. However, their morphology and genetic materials are almost similar making them closely related organisms because they are of the same?
a. Kingdom
b. Domain
c. Order
d. Genus
Genus
62
Which among the following elements is the most abundant and can have stronger bonds with other elements that can forms products with various properties.
a. Potassium
b. Hydrogen
c. Nitrogen
d. Carbon
Carbon
63
Of the four elements out of 105 known elements that comprise 98% of living matter, the highest percentage of 63% is:
a. Hydrogen
b. Carbon
c. Nitrogen
d. Oxygen
Oxygen
64
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are all examples of?
a. Catabolism
b. photosynthesis
c. homeostasis
d. Macromolecular
Macromolecular
65
Which of the following is a mismatched?
a. Alexander Fleming: Father of Medical surgery
b. Leeuwenhoek: Father of Microscopy
c. Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics
d. Louis Pasteur: Father of Microbiology
A
66
Which is referred to as the energy-storage compound used to do all forms of work of the cell?
a. Adenine
b. Electron
c. Adenosine diphosphate
d. Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine Triphosphate
67
How does genetic drift impact the genetic variation and evolution of populations, and what are some examples of this process?
a. The accumulation of mutations over time
b. The loss of genetic diversity due to chance events
c. The survival and reproduction of certain traits due to natural selection
d. The exchange of genes between populations via migration
The loss of genetic diversity due to chance events
68
These are example of homeostatic mechanisms in the body which internal balance in the body but NOT to include ____________.
a. Waste products are stored for accumulation and concentration
b. Nutrients supplied to body cells as needed
c. Body temperature kept with in normal range
d. Osmotic pressure of the blood and its pH kept with certain limits
Waste products are stored for accumulation and concentration
69
One of the important criteria in classifying plant and animal kingdoms is the evolutionary relationship known as ___.
Phylogenetic
70
It is described when two organisms developed the same traits based on their habitat.
a. Analogous
b. Mutation
c. Convergent
d. Divergent
Convergent
71
What is the goal to generate the first sequence of the human genome?
a. Human genome Project
b. Development of Artificial Intelligence
c. Exploration of the Deep Sea
d. Commercial Space Travel
Human genome Project
72
This involves altering of genes inside our body’s cells in an effort to treat or stop disease.
a. Gene Therapy
b. Gene recombination
c. Gene flow
d. Genetic Drift
Gene Therapy
73
Which of the following organelles is usually present in plants and bacteria but not in animals?
a. Cell wall
b. cell membrane
c. nucleus
d. ribosomes
Cell wall
74
The broadest, highest and most general taxon or level in classification is the?
Domain
75
Genetic disorders can be caused by ___.
a. Gene mutations
b. Changes in chromosome number
c. Changes in chromosome structure
d. All of the above
All of the above
76
The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template is known as ______.
a. Transcription
b. Translation
c. RNA splicing
d. Replication
Transcription
77
Which of the following is NOT a function of mitosis in humans?
a. Growth
b. Wound repair
c. Embryonic movement
d. Production of gametes
Production of gametes
78
What term is used when an egg developed into a new organism without itself being fertilized by a sperm?
Parthenogenesis
79
The following are domains of life except:
a. Eukarya
b. Prokaryota
c. Archaea
d. Bacteria
Prokaryota
80
Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for attention and memory?
Frontal
81
Which theory states that many diseases are caused by the presence and actions of specific micro-organisms within the body?
a. Natural Selection
b. Germ theory of Disease
c. Miasma theory
d. Determinant Theory
Germ theory of Disease
82
The α helix and the β-pleated sheet are part of which protein structure?
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
Secondary
83
A diploid, multicellular life-cycle stage that gives rise to haploid cells by meiosis is called a ________.
Sporophyte
84
Flame cells are the excretory structures for
a. Annelida
b. Coelenterates
c. Platyhelminthes
d. Echinodermata
Platyhelminthes
85
What process is responsible for the upward movement of the water in very tall trees?
A. Osmosis
b. Capillary action
c. Turgor pressure
d. Transpiration
Transpiration
86
Which of the following immunity is present from our birth?
a. Innate immunity
b. Active immunity
c. Passive immunity
d. Acquired immunity
Innate immunity
87
If black and white true-breeding mice are mated and the result is all gray offspring, what inheritance pattern would this be indicative of?
a. dominance
b. codominance
c. multiple alleles
d. incomplete dominance
incomplete dominance
88
Range of technologies that employ living organisms or parts of them to make diverse products?
Biotechnology
89
When a section of genes or DNA, are removed from an organism and supplemented or inserted into the plasmid?
a. Gene mapping
b. Gene splicing
c. Gene sequencing
d. Gene ordering
Gene splicing
90
This process of food preservation that is used to kill bacteria through mild heating.
a. Boiling
b. Pasteurization
c. Sterilization
d. Fermentation
Pasteurization
91
Deficiency in the secretion of this hormone causes simple goiter.
Thyroxin
92
Which of the following groups of organisms ia s very good source of antibiotics?
a. *Penicillium notatum*
b. *Aspergillus niger*
c. *Rhizopus stolonifera*
d. None
Penicillium notatum
93
The bacteria plays important roles in nature as __________________.
a. Gera catalysts
b. Biological enhancers
c. Chemical recyclers
d. Organic additive
Organic additive
94
The study of parasites is known as
Parasitology
95
What is the shape of vibrio cholerae?
a. Rod shaped
b. Comma
c. Circular
d. Spherical
Comma
96
Which of the following inventions has been used in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic that killed millions of people in the world?
a. mRNA vaccines
b. TAME
c. Microbiome Therapies
d. Ex Vivo Gene Therapy
mRNA vaccines
97
Factory of cement, plastic companies contribute to the more than half of ______.
a. Sulfuric acid
b. Greenhouse gases
c. Acid rain
d. Ocean acidification
Greenhouse gases
98
The set of observable traits or characteristics in an individual resulting from the expression of genes?
Phenotype
99
Sickle cell anemia, which involves a change in one of the polypeptides in the hemoglobin molecule, is due to what type of gene mutation?
a. deletion
b. duplication
c. substitution
d. translocation
substitution
100
What is atherosclerosis?
a. Irregular heartbeat
b. Death of muscle
c. Blockage of arteries due to fat deposit
d. Paralysis of muscle
Blockage of arteries due to fat deposit
101
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is mostly caused by?
a. Viruses
b. acids and salty food we eat
c. coliform bacteria like E. coli
d. Clostridium botulinum
coliform bacteria like E. coli
102
Coronavirus disease 2019 is caused by?
a. Sars
b. Sars-1
c. Sars- CoV-1
d. SARS – CoV - 2
SARS – CoV - 2
103
By what process does a severely cut portion of a starfish grow into a full starfish?
a. Binary fission
b. Budding
c. Fragmentation
d. Regeneration
Regeneration
104
What type of tropism is shown in the situation where the plant’s roots which grew towards the surface of the ground?
a. Positive Phototropism
b. Positive Geotropism
c. Negative Phototropism
d. Negative Geotropism
Positive Geotropism
105
True of Trisomy 21:
a. An abnormality of chromosomes inheritance in which there are 3 copies of chromosomes 21
b. Also known as Turner’s syndrome
c. Presents with superior mental intelligence, tall stature and protruding
d. Results when an individual is missing 3 chromosomes
An abnormality of chromosomes inheritance in which there are 3 copies of chromosomes 21
106
All monocots possess the following characteristics except:
a. scattered arrangement of vascular bundles
b. parallel veins
c. fibrous root system
d. floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5
floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5
107
Plants wilt when the rate of ____________.
a. Water absorption is faster than transpiration
b. Transpiration is faster than water absorption
c. Photosynthesis is faster than transpiration
d. Weight loss after several weeks
Transpiration is faster than water absorption
108
What kind of organism is the schistoma which causes schistosomiasis, a tropical disease traced to contaminated water?
a. Virus
b. Flatworm
c. Fungus
d. Protist
Flatworm
109
Which of the following environmental conditions would likely increase the rate of photosynthesis?
a. Increase in O2 in the atmosphere
b. Increase in O2 concentration
c. Increase in CO2 concentration
d. Increase in nitrogen concentration
Increase in CO2 concentration
110
Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthesis. This indicates that the plants
a. Affect the balance of gases in the atmosphere
b. Take oxygen from the air the same as in the animals
c. Compete with animals in the supply of oxygen in the atmosphere
d. Rely on the sun as their source of energy
Affect the balance of gases in the atmosphere
111
Double fertilization in plants occurs when ___________.
a. A sperm cell fuses with an egg cell while another egg cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form endosperm
b. Two sperm cells fuses with one egg cell to form a triploid zygote
c. One sperm cell fuses with an egg cell while another sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form endosperm
d. One sperm cell fuses with an egg cell with another sperm cell fuses with a polar nucleus to form endosperm.
One sperm cell fuses with an egg cell while another sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form endosperm
112
It is a progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss and possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry on and respond to the environment.
a. Cerebral palsy
b. Burkitt’s lymphoma
c. Alzheimer’s Disease
d. Huntington’s disease
Alzheimer’s Disease
113
Which of the following exemplifies a closed population where no migration takes place?
a. Green sea turtles in territorial waters
b. Bacteria in the human intestines
c. Paramecia in a hay infusion
d. Frogs in a rice fields
Paramecia in a hay infusion
114
Most common to be tested in laboratory?
a. gonorrhea
b. CBC
c. Herpes
d. HIV
CBC
115
Linnaeus placed humans under the genus Homo because man __________.
a. Hunts and gathers food
b. Has a large brain and upright posture
c. Laughs and has a sense of humor
d. Is humus (Latin word of “dust”)
Has a large brain and upright posture
116
Gumamela is known as a __________ flower.
Complete
Incomplete
Imperfect
Compatible
Complete
117
Hydrogen peroxide, a pale blue liquid (H202), used in bleaching and antiseptic, when broken down into two: water and oxygen, is an example of what kind of chemical reaction?
a. displacement
b. synthesis
c. decomposition
d. combustion
decomposition
118
Who invented the microscope?
Zacharias Janssen
119
Term given to a cell with only one set of chromosomes, (ex. sex cells: sperm and egg)
Haploid
120
Term given to a cell with two sets of chromosomes (ex. Most of our cells, apart from the sex cells and reb blood cells)
Diploid
121
Mitosis: Diploid - Meiosis: ______
Haploid
122
Any cell forming the body of an organism, except the sex cells/germ cells.
Somatic
123
Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells are types of:
Plant Cell
124
______ are cells that are elongated and have pointed ends
Smooth Muscle Cells
125
Skeletal muscle cells are also called ______ because of their striped appearance when viewed under a compound microscope.
Striated muscle cells
126
Commonly known as red blood cells.
Erythrocytes
127
Neuron is also known as the
Nerve cell
128
The longest cell in the human body
Nerve cell or neuron
129
The control center, directing and coordinating all activities of the cell.
Nucleus
130
Prokaryotes have small circular DNA called _____ scattered in the cytoplasm
Plasmids
131
Eukaryotes: Nucleus - Prokaryotes: No nucleus
132
Organisms with more than one cell are referred to as
Multicellular
133
The site of the cell where proteins are synthesized.
Ribosome
134
The powerhouse of the cell/ produce energy for the cell.
Mitochondria
135
Regulates the entry and exit of substances in the cell
Plasma membrane
136
Cell cite for packaging of proteins and carbohydrates
Golgi complex
137
Semi-fluid part where most organelles are suspended
Cytosol
138
Transport proteins produced by the ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
139
Molecules and other particles move to regions of lower concentrations.
Passive transport
Ex: Diffusion - particles spread thru liquid or gas medium from region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Osmosis - water moves from high to lower concentration
140
Passive transport: high to low (doesnt require energy) - Active transport: _____
low to high concentration (requires energy)
141
What do you call the union of gamete cells inside a test tube?
Sexual
Asexual
In vitro
In vivo
In vitro
142
Cytoplasm: Inside the cell - Outside the cell:
Protoplasm
143
Contains the information that we inherit from our parents
Genes
144
In the competition for ____, variations in a population allow some individuals to survive and reproduce, while others are killed off
A. Territory
B. Offspring
C. Survival
D. Food
Survival
145
Which of the ff type of cartilage is a present at the joints of long bones in humans?
A. Fibrous
B. Hyaline
C. Elastic
D. Calcified
Hyaline
146
Types of cartilage
Hyaline - in between bones
Elastic - ears
Fibrocartilage - tough cartilage, strongest and least flexible, vertebrae in spine
147
Migration of cancerous cells from the site of origin to other part of body forming secondary tumor
Metastasis
