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AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 - BIOPSYCHOLOGY > BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS - INFRADIAN AND ULTRADIANRHYTHM > Flashcards

BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS - INFRADIAN AND ULTRADIANRHYTHM Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an infradian rhythm?

A

a type of bio rhythm which has a frequency of less than one cycle in 24 hours e.g. menstruation or SAD

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2
Q

what is the female menstruation cycle governed by?

A

monthly changes in hormone levels which regulate ovulation

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3
Q

what does the menstrual cycle refer to?

A

time between first day of period, when womb lining sheds to the day before her next period

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4
Q

how long does a typical cycle last?

A

28 days but 24-35 is considered normal

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5
Q

the rising level of what hormone causes the ovary to develop an egg and release it?

A

oestrogen

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6
Q

what hormone is present after ovulation? (when egg gets released)

A

progesterone

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7
Q

what does the hormone progesterone do?

A

helps the womb lining grow thicker, readying the body for pregnancy

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8
Q

what happens if pregnancy doesn’t occur?

A

egg is absorbed into the body, the womb lining comes away and leaves the body (the menstrual flow)

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9
Q

who conducted research to show menstrual cycle can be influenced by exogenous factors?

A

Stern and McClintock

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10
Q

what did Stern and McClintock demonstrate?

A

how menstrual cycles synchronise as result of inf of female pheromones

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11
Q

who were McClintock’s sample?

A

29 women with irregular periods

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12
Q

what did McClintock do?

A

get samples of pheromones from 9 women at diff stages of mens w/ cotton pas

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13
Q

how long were pads worn on armpits?

A

8 hrs to make sure pheromones picked up

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14
Q

what happened to cotton pads after collection?

A

treated with alcohol, frozen and rubbedon upper lip of other ppts

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15
Q

what happened on day 1 and day 2 and so on in Stern and McClintock’s exp?

A

day 1 - pads from start of mens applied to 20 ppts

day 2 - all ppts given pad and so on

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16
Q

what were the findings of Stern and McClintock’s exp?

A

68% of ppts exp changes to cycle, bringing them closer to cycle of odour donor

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17
Q

what is SAD?

A

seasonal affective disorder, diagnosed as mental disorder in DSM-5

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18
Q

why is SAD an infradian rhythm?

A

symptoms such as low mood and interest triggered by winter months when number of daylight hrs are shorter

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19
Q

what type of infradian rhythm is SAD?

A

circannual as it is subject to a yearly cycle

20
Q

how can SAD be seen as a circadian rhythm?

A

exp of SAD due to disruption of sleep/wake cycle, attributed to prolonged periods of daily darkness

21
Q

what have psychologists hypothesised about the cause of SAD?

A

hormone melatonin implicates it

22
Q

what does the pineal gland do during night?

A

secretes melatonin until dawn when there is an increase of light

23
Q

what happens to melatonin during winter?

A

lack of light in the morning means secretion of melatonin goes on for longer, has knock on effect on production of serotonin linked to depression

24
Q

what is an ultradian rhythm?

A

a biological rhythm that has a fequency of more than one cycle in 24 hours

25
Q

what is one of the most intensely research ultradian rhythms?

A

srages of sleep

26
Q

how many stages of sleep are there and altogether how long do they last?

A

5 distinct stages that last about 90 mins

27
Q

how are each of the stages of sleep characterised?

A

different level of brainwave activity monitored using an EEG

28
Q

what are stages 1 and 2 of sleep known as?

A

light sleep

29
Q

in stages 1 and 2 of sleep, brainwaves are…

A

slowed down and more rhythmic (alpha waves) and becoming slower as sleep becomes deeper (theta waves)

30
Q

what are stages 3 and 4 of sleep known as?

A

deep sleep or slow wave sleep, hard to wake someone up

31
Q

what brainwave does stages 3 and 4 have?

A

delta waves which are slower and have greater amplitude than alpha and beta

32
Q

what is stage 5 of sleep known as?

A

REM sleep (rapid eye movement)

33
Q

what happens to the body and brain in REM sleep?

A

body is paralysed but brain activity speeds up significantly representing awake brain

34
Q

why is REM sleep named that?

A

fast activity of eyes under eyelids during sleep stage

35
Q

what has research suggested about REM sleep?

A

highly correlated with experience of dreaming

36
Q

give 3 evaluation points of infradian and ultradian rhythms?

A

+ evolutionary basis of menstrual cycle
+ evidence support stages of sleep
- methodological limitations in synch studies

37
Q

there is a ________ _____ for menstrual cycle?

A

evolutionary basis

38
Q

how is there an evolutionary basis of menstrual cycle?

A

it is advantageous for females to menstruate together and fall pregnancy around the same time

39
Q

why is it an advantage for females to menstruate together?

A

new-borns could cared collectively within a social group increasing chances of offspring’s survival

40
Q

how can the validity of the evolutionary be questioned?

A

Schank says if too many females synchronise, create competition to get highest quality males, so should avoid synchrony and be naturally selected

41
Q

there is _________ to support the stages of sleep

A

evidence

42
Q

who conducted research to support the stages of sleep?

A

Dement and Kleitman

43
Q

what did Dement and Kleitman do?

A

monitor the sleep patterns of 9 adult ppts in sleep lab

44
Q

what did researchers control?

A

controlled effects of caffeine and alcohol

45
Q

how did Dement and Kleitman get information?

A

brainwave activity recorded from EEG

46
Q

what was REM sleep highly correlated with?

A

w/ exp of dreaming, brain activity varied on how vivid they were, ppts woken during dreaming had v accurate recall

47
Q

what does Dement and Kleitman’s research suggest?

A

REM sleep is an important component of the ultradian sleep

AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 - BIOPSYCHOLOGY (12 decks)

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