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Psychology Exam 1 > Biological questions > Flashcards

Biological questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is phrenology?

A

Understanding function and structure of the brain

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2
Q

What is Broca’s Alphasia?

A

Patients can understand questions and answer non-verbally, patients can produce speech sounds but are unable to speak.

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3
Q

What is Werruckes Alphasia?

A

Patients can comprehend language but could not understand

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4
Q

What is Neural Plasticity?

A

Changes in the brain during development and adulthood caused by experience.

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5
Q

What is Somatic Intervention?

A

Finding similarities between body functions and behavioural responses.

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6
Q

What is an Independent Variable?

A

The factor that’s manipulated during an experiment.

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7
Q

What is the Dependant Variable?

A

The response factor that’s measured because of the independent variable.

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8
Q

What two cells can be found within the nervous system?

A

Neurons and Glail cells

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9
Q

What is the function of a dendrite?

A

Cellular extensions that receive the input of other neurons

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10
Q

What is the function of the Soma? (Cell body)

A

Nucleus of the cell - integrates input from other neurons

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11
Q

What is the function of the Axon?

A

Transports information from the Soma to the Terminal Branches

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12
Q

What are the terminal branches?

A

Communicates information from axon to other nearby neurons

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13
Q

What’s the purpose of Glail cells?

A

Support neurons

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14
Q

What’s the purpose of Astrocytes?

A
  • Holds neurons in place and provides nourishment

- Cleans up dead neurons

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15
Q

What’s the purpose of Olidedendrocytes?

A

Support axon

Produce mylin coating

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16
Q

What is Microglia?

A

Works with immune system

Removes waste material in the brain

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17
Q

What are the main components of the Nervous System?

A 
Central 
Peripheral
Autonomic
Somatic 
Sympathetic 
Parasympathetic
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18
Q

There are two components to the peripheral nervous system, what are they and what’s their purpose?

A

Sympathetic nervous system
-network of nerves, prepares for fight or flight

Parasympathetic nervous system
- placid non emergency responses

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19
Q

Directionally, what does auterior mean?

A

Front

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20
Q

Directionally what does posterior mean?

A

Back

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21
Q

Directionally what does dorsal mean?

A

Top

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22
Q

Directionally what does vental mean?

A

Bottom

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23
Q

The anatomy of the brain can be divided in two ways, what are they?

A

Medial (middle)

Lateral (sides)

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24
Q

There are three correct ways to slice a brain, what are they?

A

Coronal
Sagittal
Horizontal

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25
Q

The brain can be divided into grey and white matter, explain what this means.

A

White- communication tracts (axons) covered in myelin

Grey- cell bodies (soma) and dendrites
Grey matter is cerebral cortex

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26
Q

What’s the function of the frontal lobes (cerebral hemisphere)

A

Motor controls

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27
Q

What’s the function of the parietal lobes (cerebral hemisphere) ?

A

Touch

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28
Q

What’s the function of the temporal lobes (cerebral hemisphere) ?

A

Hearing

Memory

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29
Q

What’s the function of the occipital lobes (cerebral hemisphere) ?

A

Vision

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30
Q

What is an ion ?

A

Electrically charged molecule

31
Q

What is an anion?

A

Negatively charged ion

32
Q

What is a cation?

A

Positively charged ion

33
Q

Where are anions most commonly found?

A

Neurons- negatively charged

34
Q

What is meant by depolarisation?

A

The inside of an axon becoming positive

35
Q

What does diffusion mean in terms of a cell ?

A

Molecules move from high to low concentration

36
Q

What is electrostatic pressure?

A

Opposite charges attract, same charges repel - this creates balance inside cells

37
Q

What occurs if a cell membrane becomes permeable?

A

Diffusion and electrostatic pressure will cause positively charged sodium ions to enter a cell, this leads to increase in positive charges and depolarisation(action potential)

38
Q

What is an ion channel ?

A

Gateway in/out of membrane

39
Q

What is a voltage gated ion channel?

A

Gateway for ions depending on the type of charge a cell needs

40
Q

What is meant by chemical signalling?

A

Information transmitted between neurons

41
Q

Name neurotransmitters

A 
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine 
Noradrenaline
Glutamate 
Endorphins
42
Q

What is sensory processing?

A

Our senses allowing us to interpret stimuli from the environment

43
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors

A

Cones

Rods

44
Q

What is the primary visual cortex? (V1)

A

Left and right visual field in basic senses ( lines edges ) differentiates objects in field of view
Divided into two sub sections
Dorsal pathway
Ventral pathway

45
Q

What is the V4 stream?

A

Detects colour

46
Q

What is the V5 stream?

A

Motion perception

Neurons are direction sensitive

47
Q

What occurs when there is damage to the ventral stream?

A

A person will be able to still see clearly but will have trouble knowing or understanding what or who is in front of them (Visual Agnosia)

48
Q

What are smooth muscles?

A

Controls organs
Digestive system
Blood vessels

49
Q

What are skeletal muscles?

A

Control movement of body in relation to the environment

50
Q

What are cardiac muscles?

A

Heart muscles

Properties of both skeletal and smooth muscles

51
Q

What is the purpose of the cerebrum ?

A

(Motor cortex) Conscious movement

52
Q

What’s the purpose of the brain stem?

A

Automatic movements (breathing)

53
Q

What’s the purpose of the basal ganglia?

A

Produces force for grasping and other similar movements

54
Q

What’s the purpose of the cerebellum?

A

Regulates timings and accuracy of movement

55
Q

What is meant by brain plasticity?

A

Any change in neural structure

Either through experience and training or in result of injury

56
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

Process in which new neurons are formed in the brain

57
Q

How can stress affect the brain?

A

Can cause damage and shrinking of the hippocampus following traumatic events
Can leave memory unaffected depending on age and circumstance

58
Q

Define learning?

A

Relatively permanent change in behaviour that results from experience

59
Q

Define memory

A

The ability to recall or recognise previous experience

60
Q

What are the three types of memory?

A

Long term
Working
Encoding

61
Q

Describe working memory

A

Requires attention manipulates and organises thoughts and has access to long term memory

62
Q

Describe long term memory

A

Encoding
- process of transforming information into memory

Consolidation
- stabilising a memory after learning

Retrieval
- process of deactivation of the stored memory

63
Q

What is amnesia?

A

Loss of memory and/or general intelligence

64
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Loss of memory ability for things AFTER brain damage

Inability to form new memories

65
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Loss of memory ability for things BEFORE brain damage

Inability to remember things in the past

66
Q

What is meant by explicit memory ?

A

Memories about events in the world
Facts
General knowledge

67
Q

What is meant by implicit memory?

A

Memory for skills

Movement sequences

68
Q

What is meant by episodic memory ?

A

Autobiographical

Personal experiences

69
Q

What is meant by semantic memory

A

Facts and general knowledge

70
Q

What are the core impairments of schizophrenia?

A

Auditory hallucinations
Delusions
Changes in mood

71
Q

What are the causes of schizophrenia?

A

Biological disorder
Genetic components - pattern of genes make some SUCCEPTABLE to disease ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES whether or not it will develop

72
Q

What happens to the brain with schizophrenia?

A

Reduced cortical thickness/volume - frontal and temporal corticies - associated with language memory decision making

73
Q

What kind of neurochemical abnormalities would occur with schizophrenia?

A

Excess of dopamine

Anphetamine enhances dopaminergic activity

Psychology Exam 1 (3 decks)

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