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Psychology Exam 1 > Biological questions > Flashcards

Biological questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is phrenology?

A

Understanding function and structure of the brain

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2
Q

What is Broca’s Alphasia?

A

Patients can understand questions and answer non-verbally, patients can produce speech sounds but are unable to speak.

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3
Q

What is Werruckes Alphasia?

A

Patients can comprehend language but could not understand

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4
Q

What is Neural Plasticity?

A

Changes in the brain during development and adulthood caused by experience.

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5
Q

What is Somatic Intervention?

A

Finding similarities between body functions and behavioural responses.

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6
Q

What is an Independent Variable?

A

The factor that’s manipulated during an experiment.

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7
Q

What is the Dependant Variable?

A

The response factor that’s measured because of the independent variable.

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8
Q

What two cells can be found within the nervous system?

A

Neurons and Glail cells

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9
Q

What is the function of a dendrite?

A

Cellular extensions that receive the input of other neurons

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10
Q

What is the function of the Soma? (Cell body)

A

Nucleus of the cell - integrates input from other neurons

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11
Q

What is the function of the Axon?

A

Transports information from the Soma to the Terminal Branches

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12
Q

What are the terminal branches?

A

Communicates information from axon to other nearby neurons

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13
Q

What’s the purpose of Glail cells?

A

Support neurons

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14
Q

What’s the purpose of Astrocytes?

A
  • Holds neurons in place and provides nourishment

- Cleans up dead neurons

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15
Q

What’s the purpose of Olidedendrocytes?

A

Support axon

Produce mylin coating

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16
Q

What is Microglia?

A

Works with immune system

Removes waste material in the brain

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17
Q

What are the main components of the Nervous System?

A 
Central 
Peripheral
Autonomic
Somatic 
Sympathetic 
Parasympathetic
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18
Q

There are two components to the peripheral nervous system, what are they and what’s their purpose?

A

Sympathetic nervous system
-network of nerves, prepares for fight or flight

Parasympathetic nervous system
- placid non emergency responses

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19
Q

Directionally, what does auterior mean?

A

Front

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20
Q

Directionally what does posterior mean?

A

Back

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21
Q

Directionally what does dorsal mean?

A

Top

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22
Q

Directionally what does vental mean?

A

Bottom

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23
Q

The anatomy of the brain can be divided in two ways, what are they?

A

Medial (middle)

Lateral (sides)

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24
Q

There are three correct ways to slice a brain, what are they?

A

Coronal
Sagittal
Horizontal

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25
The brain can be divided into grey and white matter, explain what this means.
White- communication tracts (axons) covered in myelin Grey- cell bodies (soma) and dendrites Grey matter is cerebral cortex
26
What’s the function of the frontal lobes (cerebral hemisphere)
Motor controls
27
What’s the function of the parietal lobes (cerebral hemisphere) ?
Touch
28
What’s the function of the temporal lobes (cerebral hemisphere) ?
Hearing | Memory
29
What’s the function of the occipital lobes (cerebral hemisphere) ?
Vision
30
What is an ion ?
Electrically charged molecule
31
What is an anion?
Negatively charged ion
32
What is a cation?
Positively charged ion
33
Where are anions most commonly found?
Neurons- negatively charged
34
What is meant by depolarisation?
The inside of an axon becoming positive
35
What does diffusion mean in terms of a cell ?
Molecules move from high to low concentration
36
What is electrostatic pressure?
Opposite charges attract, same charges repel - this creates balance inside cells
37
What occurs if a cell membrane becomes permeable?
Diffusion and electrostatic pressure will cause positively charged sodium ions to enter a cell, this leads to increase in positive charges and depolarisation(action potential)
38
What is an ion channel ?
Gateway in/out of membrane
39
What is a voltage gated ion channel?
Gateway for ions depending on the type of charge a cell needs
40
What is meant by chemical signalling?
Information transmitted between neurons
41
Name neurotransmitters
``` Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Noradrenaline Glutamate Endorphins ```
42
What is sensory processing?
Our senses allowing us to interpret stimuli from the environment
43
What are the two types of photoreceptors
Cones | Rods
44
What is the primary visual cortex? (V1)
Left and right visual field in basic senses ( lines edges ) differentiates objects in field of view Divided into two sub sections Dorsal pathway Ventral pathway
45
What is the V4 stream?
Detects colour
46
What is the V5 stream?
Motion perception | Neurons are direction sensitive
47
What occurs when there is damage to the ventral stream?
A person will be able to still see clearly but will have trouble knowing or understanding what or who is in front of them (Visual Agnosia)
48
What are smooth muscles?
Controls organs Digestive system Blood vessels
49
What are skeletal muscles?
Control movement of body in relation to the environment
50
What are cardiac muscles?
Heart muscles | Properties of both skeletal and smooth muscles
51
What is the purpose of the cerebrum ?
(Motor cortex) Conscious movement
52
What’s the purpose of the brain stem?
Automatic movements (breathing)
53
What’s the purpose of the basal ganglia?
Produces force for grasping and other similar movements
54
What’s the purpose of the cerebellum?
Regulates timings and accuracy of movement
55
What is meant by brain plasticity?
Any change in neural structure | Either through experience and training or in result of injury
56
What is neurogenesis?
Process in which new neurons are formed in the brain
57
How can stress affect the brain?
Can cause damage and shrinking of the hippocampus following traumatic events Can leave memory unaffected depending on age and circumstance
58
Define learning?
Relatively permanent change in behaviour that results from experience
59
Define memory
The ability to recall or recognise previous experience
60
What are the three types of memory?
Long term Working Encoding
61
Describe working memory
Requires attention manipulates and organises thoughts and has access to long term memory
62
Describe long term memory
Encoding - process of transforming information into memory Consolidation - stabilising a memory after learning Retrieval - process of deactivation of the stored memory
63
What is amnesia?
Loss of memory and/or general intelligence
64
What is anterograde amnesia?
Loss of memory ability for things AFTER brain damage | Inability to form new memories
65
What is retrograde amnesia?
Loss of memory ability for things BEFORE brain damage | Inability to remember things in the past
66
What is meant by explicit memory ?
Memories about events in the world Facts General knowledge
67
What is meant by implicit memory?
Memory for skills | Movement sequences
68
What is meant by episodic memory ?
Autobiographical | Personal experiences
69
What is meant by semantic memory
Facts and general knowledge
70
What are the core impairments of schizophrenia?
Auditory hallucinations Delusions Changes in mood
71
What are the causes of schizophrenia?
Biological disorder Genetic components - pattern of genes make some SUCCEPTABLE to disease ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES whether or not it will develop
72
What happens to the brain with schizophrenia?
Reduced cortical thickness/volume - frontal and temporal corticies - associated with language memory decision making
73
What kind of neurochemical abnormalities would occur with schizophrenia?
Excess of dopamine | Anphetamine enhances dopaminergic activity

Psychology Exam 1 (3 decks)

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