Biological & Psychological Approaches Flashcards
Conditional Free Will
people CHOOSE course of action (free will)
choices are limited by their circumstance, education, physiological abilities, genetic dispositions
physiognomy
facial features could reveal an individual’s inner characteristics
phrenology
abnormalities in the shape of the skull determined their morality and intelligence
Kallikaks
one man, two wives (one feeble minded, the other a “respectable Quaker woman”
showed that intelligence is inherited
PIQ
Performance IQ: general performance on IQ tests
prisoners do well on this so it raises their average
VIQ
Verbal IQ: reading, writing, conversation skills
indicative of poor school performance, prisoners have lower scores on this
Hirschi & Hindelang
relationship between IQ and delinquency was INDIRECT
poor IQ -> doing poorly in school -> labelling -> dropping out -> no job -> higher criminality
Concordance
degree to which behaviour of MZ and DZ twins is similar
LCP
Life-course Persistent Offenders
behaviours stem from neuropsychological deficits
AL
Adolescent-Limited Offenders
ppl who commit crime due to the maturity gap, where they’re maturing more but aren’t allowed to do “adult things”
angry aggression
response to frustration, intended to injure or harm
instrumental aggression
learned, follows principles of operant conditioning
oriented toward some other goal or reward
Cambridge Study
studied 411 Caucasian South London males
half of all criminal offending concentrated in 6% of families
due to family criminality, poor parenting, education, impulsivity
ICAP Theory
David Farrington
long-term antisocial potential: impulsivity, low IQ, low socioeconomic status
short-term antisocial potential
environmental factors and immediate situation factors (e.g. opportunity, routine activities, mental state)
