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biological psych Flashcards

1
Q

action potential

A

a temporary shift in the polarity of the cell membrane, which leads to the firing of a neuron

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2
Q

adrenal glands

A

endocrine glands located above the kidneys that secrete adrenaline and other hormones during emergency situations

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3
Q

amygdala

A

a brain structure associated with the expression of rage and fear and calculation of the emotional significance of a stimulus

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4
Q

association areas

A

the areas of cortex involved in putting together perceptions, ideas and plans

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that serves visceral or internal bodily structures connected with basic life processes

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6
Q

axon

A

the long extension from the cell body of a neuron through which electrical impulses pass

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7
Q

basal ganglia

A

a set of structures located near the thalamus and hypothalamus involved in the control of movement and in judgements that require minimal conscious thought

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8
Q

cell body

A

the part of the neuron that includes a nucleus containing the genetic material of the cell as well as other microstructures vital to cell functioning

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8
Q

CNS

A

the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

dendrites

A

branch-like extensions of the neuron that receive information from other cells

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10
Q

cerebellum

A

a large bulge in the dorsal area of the brain responsible for the coordination of smooth, well-sequenced movements as well as maintaining equilibrium and regulating postural reflexes

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10
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the many-layered surface of the cerebrum, which allows complex voluntary movements, permits subtle discriminations among complex sensory patterns and makes symbolic thinking possible

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10
Q

cerebrum

A

the ‘thinking’ centre of the brain, which includes the cortex and subcortical structures such as the basal ganglia and limbic system

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10
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

the two halves of the cerebrum

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11
Q

corpus callosum

A

a band of fibres that connects the two hemispheres of the brain

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11
Q

cognitive neuropsychology

A

a branch of cognitive psychology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relates to specific psychological processes

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12
Q

endocrine system

A

the collection of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream and control various bodily and psychological functions

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12
Q

frontal lobes

A

brain structures involved in coordination of movement, attention, planning, social skills, conscience, abstract thinking, memory and aspects of personality

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12
Q

forebrain

A

involved in complex sensory, emotional, cognitive and behavioural processes and consists of the hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebrum

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13
Q

gonads

A

endocrine glands that influence much of sexual development and behaviour

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14
Q

graded potentials

A

a spreading voltage change that occurs when the neural membrane receives a signal from another cell

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15
Q

hindbrain

A

the part of the brain above the spinal cord that includes the medulla, cerebellum and parts of the reticular formation

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16
Q

hippocampus

A

a structure in the limbic system involved in the acquisition and consolidation of new information in memory

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16
Q

hypothalamus

A

the brain structure situated directly below the thalamus involved in the regulation of eating, sleeping, sexual activity, movement and emotion

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17
hormones
chemicals secreted directly into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands
18
interneurons
neurons that connect other neurons to each other, found only in the brain and spinal cord
19
limbic system
subcortical structures responsible for emotional reactions, many motivational processes, learning and aspects of memory
20
medulla oblongata
an extension of the spinal cord, essential to life, controlling vital physiological functions
21
midbrain
the section of the brain above the hindbrain involved in some auditory and visual functions, movement, and conscious arousal and activation
22
motor cortex
the primary zone of the frontal lobes responsible for control of motor behaviour
23
efferent neurons
motor neurons
23
motor neurons
neurons that transmit commands from the brain to the glands or musculature of the body, typically through the spinal cord
24
myelin sheath
a tight coat of cells composed primarily of lipids, which serves to insulate the axon from chemical or physical stimuli that might interfere with the transmission of nerve impulses and speeds neural transmission
24
nervous system
the interacting network of nerve cells that underlies all psychological activity
25
neuroplasticity
describes the way the neural structure of the brain changes itself in response to neural, environmental and behavioural experiences
25
neurogenesis
the process by which neurons can be produced or repair themselves structurally or biochemically in the central nervous system
25
neurotransmitters
chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
26
neurons
cells in the nervous system
27
occipital lobes
brain structures located in the rear portion of the cortex, involved in vision
28
pituitary gland
the 'master gland' of the endocrine system due to many of the hormones it releases stimulating and regulating the hormonal action of other endocrine glands
28
parasympathetic nervous system
the part of the autonomic nervous system involved in conserving and maintaining the body’s energy resources
29
peripheral nervous system
a component of the nervous system that includes neurons that travel to and from the central nervous system that includes the somatic and autonomic NS
29
parietal lobes
brain structures located in front of the occipital lobes, involved in a number of functions, including sense of touch
30
primary areas
the areas of the cortex involved in sensory functions and in the direct control of motor movements
30
resting potential
condition in which the neuron is not firing
31
receptors (in neurons)
protein molecules in the postsynaptic membrane that pick up neurotransmitters
32
reticular formation
a diffuse network of neurons that extends from the lowest parts of the medulla in the hindbrain to the upper end of the midbrain, serving to maintain consciousness and other functions
33
spinal cord
the part of the central nervous system that transmits information from sensory neurons to the brain, and from the brain to motor neurons that initiate movement
33
sensory neurons
neurons that transmit information from sensory cells in the body to the brain
34
somatic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous system that consists of sensory and motor neurons that transmit sensory information and control intentional actions
34
somatosensory cortex
the primary area of the parietal lobes, located behind the central tissue, which receives sensory information from different sections of the body
35
sympathetic nervous system
a branch of the autonomic nervous system, typically activated in response to threats to the organism
35
subcortical structures
structures within the cerebrum, such as the basal ganglia and limbic system, which lie below the cortex
35
synapse
the place at which transmission of information between neurons occurs
36
tectum
a midbrain structure involved in vision and hearing
36
tegmentum
midbrain structure that includes a variety of neural structures, related mostly to movement and conscious arousal and activation
37
terminal buttons
structures at the end of the neuron that receive nerve impulses from the axon and transmit signals to adjacent cells
37
temporal lobes
brain structures located in the lower side portion of the cortex that are important in audition (hearing) and language
38
thalamus
structure located deep in the centre of the brain that acts as a relay station for sensory information, processing it and transmitting it to higher brain centre
39
thyroid gland
endocrine structure located next to the trachea and larynx in the neck, which releases hormones that control growth and metabolism
40
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, attention, sleeping and muscle contraction
41
dopamine
neurotransmitter involved in thought, feeling, motivation and behaviour
42
endorphins
chemicals that elevate mood and reduce pain
43
GABA acronym
gamma-aminobutyric acid
43
epinephrine
plays a role in emotional arousal and memory
44
glutamate
neurotransmitter that can excite nearly every neuron in the nervous system and plays a role in memory, learning, movement (etc.)
44
GABA
neurotransmitter that plays an inhibitory role
45
norepinephrine
plays a role in attention, arousal, learning, memory and stress
46
serotonin
a neurotransmitter that plays an inhibitory role and is involved in regulating mood, sleep, eating, arousal and pain

PSY1011 (3 decks)

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