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BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION + SURFACE ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biology?

A

The scientific study of life and living organisms.

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2
Q

Define Anatomy.

A

The study of body structure.

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3
Q

What is Gross Anatomy?

A

Study of structures visible to the naked eye.

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4
Q

What does Comparative Anatomy involve?

A

Comparing structures of different species to understand evolutionary relationships.

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5
Q

Define Physiology.

A

The study of body functions and mechanisms.

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6
Q

What is Comparative Physiology?

A

Examines how different species solve biological problems like respiration and circulation.

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7
Q

What is Embryology?

A

The study of the development of an organism from fertilization to birth.

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8
Q

Define Histology.

A

The microscopic study of tissues, including their structure, composition, and function.

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9
Q

What does Pathology study?

A

The study of diseases, focusing on structural and functional changes caused by illnesses.

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10
Q

List the fundamental characteristics of living organisms.

A
  • Cellular organization
  • Biochemical unity
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Development
  • Reproduction
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11
Q

What are unicellular organisms?

A

Single-celled organisms that directly interact with their environment.

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12
Q

What are multicellular organisms?

A

Organisms that consist of billions or trillions of cells and require complex systems for communication, energy exchange, and survival.

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13
Q

What is a unique characteristic of humans?

A

Large brain-to-body weight ratio supporting higher cognitive functions.
S Shaped Spine
Opposable Thumb
Articulated speech
Stereoscopic Vision

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14
Q

List the chemical elements that make up 96% of human body mass.

A
  • Oxygen (O)
  • Carbon (C)
  • Hydrogen (H)
  • Nitrogen (N)
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15
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter?

A

Atom.

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16
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Chemical combinations of atoms.

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17
Q

Biological Organisation

A

Atoms > Molecules > Cells>Tissues> Organs> Organ Systems>Organism

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18
Q

Define tissue.

A

Groups of similar cells working together for a specific function.

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19
Q

List the four main types of tissue.

A
  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Connective Tissue
  • Muscle Tissue
  • Nervous Tissue
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20
Q

What is an organ?

A

Structures composed of multiple tissue types that perform specific functions.

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21
Q

Define organ system.

A

Groups of organs that work together to maintain homeostasis.

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22
Q

What is the Integumentary System?

A

Includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.

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23
Q

List the functions of the Integumentary System.

A
  • Protects the body from environmental damage
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Produces vitamin D
  • Sensory reception
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24
Q

What does the Skeletal System include?

A

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints.

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25
Functions of the Muscular System?
* Enables movement * Maintains posture * Produces heat
26
What is the main function of the Nervous System?
Controls body functions through electrical signals.
27
List components of the Endocrine System.
* Hormone-secreting glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, etc.)
28
What is the primary function of the Cardiovascular System?
Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones.
29
What is the role of the Lymphatic System?
Protects against infections and disease.
30
What does the Respiratory System supply to the bloodstream?
Oxygen.
31
List the components of the Digestive System.
* Mouth * Esophagus * Stomach * Intestines * Liver * Pancreas * Gallbladder
32
What is the function of the Urinary System?
Removes nitrogenous waste from the blood.
33
What does the Reproductive System produce?
Sex cells (sperm & eggs).
34
What is the Frontal Plane?
Divides the body into front and back.
35
What is the Transverse Plane?
Divides the body into upper and lower sections.
36
Define Dorsal Cavity.
Includes cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord).
37
What are the two layers of the Serous Membrane?
* Parietal Layer (outer) * Visceral Layer (inner)
38
What are Exocrine Glands?
Glands that release secretions via ducts.
39
What is the function of the Pancreas?
Functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland.
40
41
What is the term for the head in anatomical language?
Cephalon (Cephalic) ## Footnote Cephalon refers to the head region of the body.
42
What does 'Cranium' refer to?
Skull ## Footnote The cranium is the part of the skull that encloses the brain.
43
What is the anatomical term for the face?
Facies (Facial) ## Footnote Facies encompasses the features and structure of the face.
44
What does 'Frons' refer to in anatomical terms?
Forehead ## Footnote Frons is the region located at the upper part of the face.
45
What is the term for the eye in anatomical language?
Oculus (Ocular/Orbital) ## Footnote Oculus refers to the eye and its socket.
46
What does 'Auris' refer to?
Ear ## Footnote Auris is the anatomical term for the ear.
47
What is the anatomical term for the cheek?
Bucca (Buccal) ## Footnote Bucca refers to the lateral aspect of the face.
48
What does 'Nasus' mean in anatomy?
Nose ## Footnote Nasus is the anatomical term for the nose.
49
What is the term for the mouth in anatomical terms?
Oris (Oral) ## Footnote Oris refers to the mouth region.
50
What does 'Mentis' refer to?
Chin ## Footnote Mentis is the anatomical term for the chin.
51
What is the term for the neck in anatomical language?
Cervicis (Cervical) ## Footnote Cervicis refers to the neck region.
52
What does 'Thorax' refer to?
Chest ## Footnote Thorax is the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen.
53
What is the anatomical term for the breast?
Mamma (Mammary) ## Footnote Mamma refers to the breast region.
54
What does 'Abdomen' refer to?
Abdomen ## Footnote Abdomen is the part of the body located between the thorax and pelvis.
55
What is the term for the navel?
Umbilicus (Umbilical) ## Footnote Umbilicus is commonly known as the belly button.
56
What does 'Pelvis' refer to in anatomical terms?
Pelvic region ## Footnote Pelvis is the lower part of the trunk, between the abdomen and the legs.
57
What does 'Appendicular Region' refer to?
Limbs & Extremities ## Footnote The appendicular region includes the limbs and their attachments to the body.
58
What is the term for the upper limb in anatomy?
Upper Limb (Arm) ## Footnote The upper limb includes the arm, forearm, and hand.
59
What does 'Axilla' refer to?
Armpit ## Footnote Axilla is the anatomical term for the armpit area.
60
What is the anatomical term for the upper arm?
Brachium (Brachial) ## Footnote Brachium refers to the upper part of the arm.
61
What does 'Antecubitis' refer to?
Front of elbow ## Footnote Antecubitis is the area located in front of the elbow joint.
62
What is the term for the back of the elbow?
Olecranon (Olecranal/Cubital) ## Footnote Olecranon refers to the bony prominence of the elbow.
63
What does 'Antebrachium' refer to?
Forearm ## Footnote Antebrachium is the region of the arm between the elbow and the wrist.
64
What is the anatomical term for the wrist?
Carpus (Carpal) ## Footnote Carpus refers to the group of bones forming the wrist.
65
What does 'Manus' mean in anatomical language?
Hand ## Footnote Manus is the term for the hand.
66
What is the term for the thumb?
Pollex (Pollical) ## Footnote Pollex refers to the first digit of the hand.
67
What does 'Palma' refer to?
Palm ## Footnote Palma is the inner surface of the hand.
68
What are the terms for fingers in anatomy?
Digits/Phalanges (Digital/Phalangeal) ## Footnote Digits refer to the fingers of the hand, which are made up of phalanges.
69
What is the term for the lower limb?
Lower Limb (Leg) ## Footnote The lower limb includes the thigh, leg, and foot.
70
What does 'Inguen' refer to?
Groin ## Footnote Inguen is the area where the leg meets the trunk.
71
What is the anatomical term for the buttocks?
Gluteus (Gluteal) ## Footnote Gluteus refers to the muscles and area of the buttocks.
72
What does 'Femur' refer to?
Thigh ## Footnote Femur is the bone of the thigh, the longest bone in the body.
73
What is the term for the kneecap?
Patella (Patellar) ## Footnote Patella is the small bone that forms the kneecap.
74
What does 'Popliteus' refer to?
Back of knee ## Footnote Popliteus is a muscle located at the back of the knee.
75
What is the term for the shin?
Crus (Crural) ## Footnote Crus refers to the front part of the lower leg.
76
What does 'Sura' refer to?
Calf ## Footnote Sura refers to the back part of the lower leg.
77
What is the anatomical term for the ankle?
Tarsus (Tarsal) ## Footnote Tarsus refers to the cluster of bones forming the ankle.
78
What does 'Pes' mean in anatomy?
Foot ## Footnote Pes is the term for the foot.
79
What is the term for the heel?
Calcaneus (Calcaneal) ## Footnote Calcaneus refers to the heel bone.
80
What does 'Planta' refer to?
Sole of foot ## Footnote Planta is the underside of the foot.
81
What is the term for the big toe?
Hallux (Hallucal) ## Footnote Hallux refers to the first digit of the foot.
82
What are the terms for toes in anatomy?
Digits/Phalanges (Digital/Phalangeal) ## Footnote Digits refers to the toes of the foot, which are made up of phalanges.

HUMAN ANATOMY (3 decks)

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