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A Level Biology: Topic 1 (Edexcel) > Biological Molocules 1 > Flashcards

Biological Molocules 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many bonds can a carbon atom make?

A

4

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2
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

Engergy source for storing energy

Form part of the cell wall

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3
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars

For every carbon, there is one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms

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4
Q

What are the three types of monosacchardies?

A

Triose sugars
Pentose sugars
Hexose sugars

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5
Q

What is the general formula for triose sugars?

A

C3H6O3

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6
Q

Where are triose sugars important?

A

In the mitochondria where glucose is broken down into triose sugars during respiration

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7
Q

What is the general formula for pentose sugars?

A

C5H10O5

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8
Q

Where are pentose sugars important?

A

In nucleic acids where they make up ribose and deoxyribose

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9
Q

What are 2 examples of pentose sugars?

A

ribose

deoxyribose

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10
Q

What is the general formula for hexose sugars?

A

C6H12O6

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11
Q

What are some examples of hexose sugars?

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

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12
Q

What are the two different types of glucose?

A

alpha

beta

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13
Q

On which carbon is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

1

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14
Q

What are disacchardies?

A

Two monosaccharides joined together in a condensation reaction to form a glycosidic bond

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15
Q

What kind of reaction joins two monosaccharides together?

A

Condensation reaction

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16
Q

What is the waste product of a condensation reaction?

A

A molocule of water

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17
Q

What bond is formed in a condensation reaction between two monosacchardies?

A

Glycosidic

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18
Q

What carbon atoms on monosacchardies join when a glycosidic bond is formed?

A

carbon 1 on the first molocule and carbon 6 or 4 on the second

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19
Q

What are some examples of disacchardies?

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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20
Q

Where is sucrose found?

A

Stored in plants

21
Q

What monosaccharides make up sucrose?

A

alpha glucose

fructose

22
Q

Where is lactose found?

A

Milk

23
Q

What monosaccharides make up lactose?

A

alpha glucose

beta galactose

24
Q

Where is maltose found?

A

Malt sugar

25
Q

What monosaccharides make up maltose?

A

2 molocules of alpha glucose

26
Q

What does the Benedict’s test test for?

A

Reducing sugars

27
Q

What colour will the Benedict’s test change in the presence of reducing sugars?

A

Orange

28
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Many monosaccharides joined together

29
Q

Why are polysaccharides ideal as large storage molocules?

A

They’re compact so can be stored in large numbers
Bonds are easily broken so they can be released rapidly
Insoluable so have no effect on water potential of cells

30
Q

How are polysaccharides broken down?

A

Hydolysis reaction on the glycosidic bond where water is added and the monosaccharides seperate

31
Q

Where does hydrolysis take place?

A

The gut during digestion

Muscle and liver cells where carbohydrate stores are broken down to release sugars in cellular respiration

32
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

Energy store in plants

33
Q

What two compounds make up starch?

A

Amylose

Amylopectin

34
Q

What is the general structure of amylose?

A

Unbranched polymer that spirals to be stored

35
Q

What is the general structure of amylopectin?

A

Branched polymer with many ends that can be broken off rapidly

36
Q

What bonds are found in amylose?

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds

37
Q

What monosaccharide is amylose and amylopectin (starch) made from?

A

Alpha glucose

38
Q

What bonds are found in amylopectin?

A

1-4 and a few 1-6 glycosidic bonds resulting in branching chains

39
Q

Why is it important for starch to have both amylose and amylopectin?

A

Amylopectin can be released much faster for a rapid response and amylose is released more slowly to keep energy going over time

40
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

Energy store in animals

41
Q

What monosaccharide is glycogen made from?

A

Alpha glucose

42
Q

What bonds are found in glycogen

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

43
Q

What is the difference between amylopectin and glycogen?

A

Glycogen has even more 1-6 bonds for faster release

44
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

Plant cell wall

45
Q

What monosaccharides make up cellulose?

A

Beta glucose

46
Q

What bonds are found in cellulose?

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds

47
Q

How do hydrogen bonds form between strands of cellulose?

A

Every other molocule is inverted so bonds form between the positively charged hydroxyl groups and the negatively charged oxygen atoms

48
Q

What is the general structure of cellulose?

A

Long chains linked together by hydrogen bonds

A Level Biology: Topic 1 (Edexcel) (5 decks)

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