Biological molecules - triglycerides/phospholipids/water/monomer & polymers

Question 1

what is a glycerol?

Answer 1

3 carbon alcohol molecule that form the basic structure to which fatty acid are joined in a triglyceride

Question 2

Function of triglycerides:
How is it used for Bouyancy?

Answer 2

Fat is less dense than water, used by aquatic mammals, helps them stay afloat
lipids are non-polar

Question 3

what is a fatty acid?

Answer 3

a molecule with a hydrocarbon (fatty) chain and a carboxylic acid (which contain a carboxyl (COOH) group)

Question 4

Function of triglycerides:
How is it used for protection?

Answer 4

Human have fat around delicate organ (e.g. kidney) to act as a shock absorber.
The peptideglycon cell of some bacteria is covered in a lipid - rich outer coat.

Question 5

Function of triglycerides:
How is it an energy source?

Answer 5

Can be broken down in respiration to release energy and generate ATP
Firstly, hydrolyse ester bonds and then both glycerol and the fatty acid can be broken down to CO2 and H2O
Respiration of a lipid produces more water than sugar

Question 6

Function of triglycerides:
How is it an energy store?

Answer 6

Triglycerides are insoluble in water, can be stored without affecting the water potential of the cell.
Mammals store fat in adipose cells under the skin.
1kg of fat releases twice as much energy as 1g glucose - lipids have higher propotion of hydrogen than carbohydrates and almost no oxygen.

Question 7

what is phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 7

Hydrophobic tails face each other and the hydrophilic heads face outwards, forming a barrier to prevent any polar molecules from entering or leaving the cell

Question 8

what is an ester bond?

Answer 8

The bond formed when an organic acid (e.g. fatty acid) joins to an alcohol (e.g. glycerol) by a condensation reaction.
-triglyceride with 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol has 3 ester bond

Question 9

Function of triglycerides:
how is it insulation?

Answer 9

-Adipose tissue is storage location for lipid in whales (blubbler) = heat insulator
-Lipid in nerve cells act as electrical insulator
-Animals preparing for hibernation store extra fat

Question 10

what does triglycerides look like?

Answer 10

glycerol + 3 fatty acids. During condensation reaction water is released and an ester bonds are formed between the glycerol and the fatty acids

Question 11

what is triglycerides?
how are they stored in animals and plants?

Answer 11

Triglycerides are formed when condensation reaction occur between 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
Hydroxyl groups of glycerol combine with the carboxyl groups of fatty acids to form an ester linkage.

-Animals tend to state it as fats (solids)
-Plants tend to store it as oils (liquids)

Question 12

what is hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

Answer 12

Hydrophilic - likes water
Hydrophobic - doesn’t like water

Question 13

Difference between saturated and unsaturated?

Answer 13

Saturated = chain (of fatty acids)
Unsaturated = 1 double bond (in chain of fatty acids)

Question 14

what does a phospholipids look like/ what is it?

Answer 14

A polar hydrophilic head (containing a phosphate and a glycerol) attached to 2 non-polar hydrophobic tails (one saturated fatty acid hydrocarbon chain and one unsaturated fatty acid hydrocarbon chain

They are amphipathic molecules, meaning they have clearly discernible hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Question 15

what does hydrogen bond formation in water look like?
what is polar molecules?

Answer 15

Polar molecule = molecules with regions of negative charge and positive charge
δ (this symbol means slightly -either negative or positive)
In a water molcule the bond between Hδ+ and Oδ- is a covalent bond, these are called Dipolar bond.
when more than one water molecule is connected, it would be connected by a hydrogen bond between the Oδ- (of one molecule) and the Hδ+ (of the oher molecule). This forms due to polarity electrostatic differences.

Question 16

what are the properties of water?

Answer 16

cohesion and adhesion
specific heat capacity and latent heat of vapourisation
denisty
solvent

Question 17

what is cohesion and adhesion?
how is it used in the xylem in water?

Answer 17

cohesion = means that water likes to stick to itself
adhesion = means that water likes to stick to other things

In the xylem of the plant, cohesion and adhesion anables water to move up in columns against the force of gravity.

At the surface of water, cohesion between water molecules produces surface tension as hydrogen bonds pull molecules inwards.

Question 18

how is water a solvent?

Answer 18

positive and negative regions of the water molecules are attracted to negative and positive parts of the solute molecules/ions.
water molecules cluster around these charged parts of the solutes molecules/ions and will help them separate and stay afloat.
-now they have dissolved and a solution has been formed

Question 19

what is specific heat capacity and latent heat of vapourisation?

Answer 19

SHC = the energy required to raise the temperature of 1KG of a substance by 1 degree
water has a high SHC
LHV = the energy required needed to turn a substance from a liquid to a gas
water has a high LH
to vapourise, hydrogen bonds need to break

Question 20

how is density different in water?
what is the structure like?

Answer 20

most substances are more dense in their solid state than their liquid state (hense they sink)

As it goes from 4 degrees to freezing, water molecules align themselves in a less dense structure than liquid water
Hydrogen bonds fix the polar molecules slightly further apart than average in their solid state to make their solid state stay afloat

Question 21

Carbohydrate:
1)enzyme to break it down
2)monomer
3)formula/elements
4)covalent bond
5)polymer made + examples

Answer 21

1)carbohydrase
2)glucose
3)C6H12O6 carbon, hydrogen,oxygen
4)glycosidic bond
5) polysaccharides e.g. starch, cellulose

Question 22

Nucleic Acid:
1)monomer
2)covalent bond
3)polymer made + examples (full names)
4)elements
5)bases

Answer 22

1)nucleotides
2)phosphodietser bond
3)polynucleotide - DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid)
4)phosphate, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon
5) A,T,C,G

Question 23

Protein:
1)enzyme that break it down
2)monomer
3)chemical formula
4)elements
5)polymer + examples

Answer 23

1)protease
2)amino acid
3)C2H4O2N
4)carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
5)polypeptide e.g. enzymes, antibodies, amylase

Question 24

Lipids:
1)enzymes that breaks it down
2)monomer
3)covalent bond
4)chemical formula
5)elements
6)polymers examples

Answer 24

1)lipase
2)fatty acids and a glycerol
3)ester bonds
4)CH3(CH2)nCOOH
5)carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
6) e.g. triglycerides, phospholipids

Question 25

polysaccharide - cellulose
1)source
2)sub unit
3)bonds
4)branches
5)function
6)structure explain

Answer 25

1)plant
2)beta glucose
3)1-4 glycodsidic bond
4)no
5)to provide shape and rigidity to the cell wall
6)straight, ribbon shape, every alternate glucose molecule is flip/inverted

Question 26

polysaccharide - starch (amylase)
1)source
2)sub unit
3)bonds
4)branches
5)function
6)structure

Answer 26

1)plant
2)alpha glucose
3)1-4 glycosidic bonds
4)no
5)energy source
6)straight (can form coils/loops)

Question 27

polsaccharide -starch (amylopectin)
1)source
2)sub unit
3)bonds
4)branches
5)function
6)structure

Answer 27

1)plant
2)alpha glucose
3)1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
4)yes (about 20 per subunits)
5)energy source
6)branches so it can be compact

Question 28

polysaccharide - glycogen
1)source
2)sub unit
3) bonds
4)branches
5)function
6)structure

Answer 28

1)animal
2)alpha glucose
3)1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
4)yes (about per 10 subunits)
5)source of energy (stored in the liver), glycogen more branches than amylopectin so animals can store more therefore more energy
6)long chains, compct, branched, not coiled, insoluble

Question 29

what is monosaccharide?
+ examples

Answer 29

monomer, single units - small, simple sugar
e.g. glucose, fructose, galatose, ribose

Question 30

what is disaccharide?
+ examples

Answer 30

dimer, 2 monomers joined together
e.g. lactose, maltose, sucrose

Question 31

what is polysaccharide?
+ examples

Answer 31

polymers - long chains of monomers
e.g. glycogen, cellulose, starch

Question 32

which monosaccharides make which disaccharides?

Answer 32

alpha glucose + alpha glucose = maltose
alpha glucose + fructose = sucrose
beta galactose + alpha glucose = lactose

Question 33

what are the 2 types of sugars?

Answer 33

hexose - 6 carbon monosaccharide
e.g. glucose
pentose - 5 carbon monosaccharide
e.g. ribose

Question 34

what is hydrolysis?

Answer 34

when polymer and water combine together to form monomers as it breaks it down.
polymer + water = monomer + monomer

Question 35

what happens during hydrolysis, in terms of glycosidic bond?

Answer 35

during hydrolysis reaction in a disaccharides or polysaccharides a glycosidic bond is broken.
water is added to the bond and the covalent bond is broken

Question 36

what is a condensation reaction?

Answer 36

reaction occurs when monomers combine together by covalent bonds to form polymers (polymerisation) or macromolecules (lipids) and water is removed
monomer + monomer = polymer + water

Question 37

what happens during condensation reaction, in terms of glycosidic bond?

Answer 37

2 monosaccharides join via hydroxyl groups and water is eliminated from the reaction
- new bonds are called glycosidic bonds (hydroxyl group reacting)
1-4 bonds = straight line forms
1-6 bonds = not straight, compact, branching

Question 38

whats the difference between alpha and beta?

Answer 38

Alpha = hydroxyl group on carbon 1 is on the bottom
Beta = hydroxyl group on carbon 1 is on the top

A lpha
B elow
B eta
A bove

Question 39

what happens when 2 beta glucoses react/to form a chain?

Answer 39

like 2 alpha glucoses
But one needs to flip to make the OH (hydroxyl group) aligned before they react. They flip 180 degrees.

Question 40

what do all amino acid share in common for a basic structure?

Answer 40

An amine group (NH2)
A carboxylic acid group (COOH)
A hydrogen atom (H)
Variable group (R)