Biological molecules - anions/cations/chromatography/positive results/types of data

Question 1

what are the cations?

Answer 1

hydrogen ions H+
calcium Ca2+
iron ions Fe2+/Fe3+
sodium ions Na+
potassium ions K+
ammonium ions NH4+

Question 2

Cations: What is the function of:
1)hydrogen ions
2)calcium
3)iron ions

Answer 2

1) involved in photosynthesis, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
2)increases rigidity of bones/teeth/cartilage, regulate permability of cell membrane
3)helps form and oxygenate our blood cells and haemoglobin

Question 3

cations: what is the function of:
1)sodium ions
2)potassium ions
3)ammonium ions

Answer 3

1)involved in regulation of osmotic pressure, affects absorption of carbohydates in intestines
2)involves in water levels, assists in active transport
3)components of amino acids, proteins, vitamins and chlorophyll

Question 4

what are the anions?

Answer 4

nitrate ions NO3-
hydrogen carbonate ions HCO3-
chloride ions Cl-
phosphate ions PO43-
hydroxide ions OH-

Question 5

Anions: what are the functi9osn of:
1)nitrate ions
2)hydrogen carbonate ions
3)chloride ions
4)phosphate ions
5)hydroxide ions

Answer 5

1)components of amino acid/protein/vitamins/chlorophyll
2)involved in regulation of blood pH, transport of CO2 in and out of the blood
3)regulate amount of fluid and type of nutrients in and out of cells
4)responsible for several enzymatic reactions in a cell
5)base/alkali, catatlyst

Question 6

what is quantitative and qualitative data?

Answer 6

quantitative= numerical data, includes a unit
qualitative= non numerical, approximates and characterises accordingly through observations

Question 7

what is chromatography?
+ equation

Answer 7

mixtures can be separated
mixture is dissolved in a fluid (mobile phase) and passed through static material (stationary phase)
different components of the mixture travel at different speeds
-cause them to separate

retardation force calculated:
Rf value=distance travelled by spot/distance travelled by solvent

Question 8

what are the types of chromatography?

Answer 8

Paper chromatography:
uses paper (cellulose) as stationary bed

Thin layer chromatography:
uses thin layer of absorbant (e.g. silica gel) which runs faster and has better separation

Question 9

what are the mobile and stationary phase of paper and thin layer chromatography?

Answer 9

Paper:
mobile= liquid solvent e.g. ethanol/water
stationary= chromatography paper

Thin layer:
mobile= liquid solvent e.g. ethanol/water
stationary= thin(0.1-0.3mm), layer of solid e.g. silica gel on glass/paper plate

Question 10

what is serial dilution?

Answer 10

creates a set of solutions that decrease in concentration by the same factor each time
main purpose is to ensure the solution is at intended concentration

Question 11

what are the positive results for:
1)benedicts reagent
2)biuret
3)emulsion
4)reducing sugar
5)non reducing sugar

Answer 11

1)glucose- blue to brick red when heated
2)protein- blue to purple
3)lipid- forms white precipitate/milky
4)heat with benedicts, goes brick red
5)follows negative reducing test, use benedicts heat solution with HCl to hydrolyse in monosacchides
perform benedicts test again, if positive after hydrolysis then non reducing present