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biology > Biological molecules key words > Flashcards

Biological molecules key words Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Type of chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons

A

Covalent bond

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2
Q

A bond between a positive ion which has lost an electron(s) and a negative ion which has gained an electron

A

Ionic bond

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3
Q

Chemical bond formed between the positive charge on a hydrogen atom and the negative charge on another atom of an adjacent molecule, e.g. between the Hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the Oxygen atom of an adjacent water molecule

A

Hydrogen bond

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4
Q

A molecule which has a partially positive charge in one part of the molecule and completely negative charge in another part (a dipole)

A

Polar molecule

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5
Q

One of many small molecules that combine together to form a polymer

A

Monomer

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6
Q

Large molecule made up of many repeating smaller molecules (monomers)

A

Polymer

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7
Q

The process of making a polymer

A

Polymerisation

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8
Q

Chemical process in which two molecules combine to form a more complex one with the elimination of a simple substance, usually water

A

Condensation

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9
Q

The breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water molecules

A

Hydrolysis

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10
Q

All the chemical processes that take place in living organisms

A

Metabolism

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11
Q

The mass of a substance containing the same number of fundamental units as there are atoms in exactly 12g of 12C

A

Mole

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12
Q

An aqueous solution that contains 1 mole of solute in 1 litre of solution

A

Molar (M) solution

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13
Q

Compounds made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Either monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrate

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14
Q

A single sugar e.g. glucose

A

Monosaccharide

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15
Q

Molecules containing carbon that can be found in living things; four classes are carbohydrates, proteins (chain of amino acids), lipids, and nucleic acids

A

Organic molecule

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16
Q

Made up of two sugar units that are formed by a condensation reaction. Monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond

A

Disaccharide

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17
Q

Made of many sugar units that are formed by a condensation reaction. Monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond

A

Polysaccharide

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18
Q

A sugar made up of 6 carbons

A

Hexose sugar

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19
Q

C₆H₁₂O₆ - a single sugar which is used in respiration

A

Glucose

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20
Q

A sugar that serves as a reducing agent. All monosaccharides are reducing sugars along with some disaccharides

A

Reducing sugar

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21
Q

Heat solution with Benedict’s reagent to test for reducing sugars. If it goes brick red then a reducing sugar is present

A

Reducing sugar test

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22
Q

Blue solution which is used to test for reducing and non-reducing sugars

A

Benedict’s reagent

23
Q

Bond between sugar molecules in disaccharides and polysaccharides

A

Glycosidic bond

24
Q

A sugar which cannot serve as a reducing agent. An example is sucrose

A

Non-reducing sugar

25
Q

Following a negative reducing sugars test. Heat the solution with HCL to hydrolyse the non-reducing sugar into its monosaccharides. Then perform the Benedict’s test again. If you get a positive result after hydrolysis then a non-reducing sugar is present

A

Non-reducing sugar test

26
Q

A polysaccharides found in plant cells made up of alpha-glucose - comprised of amylose (alpha- 1,4 glycosidic bonds) and amylopectin (alpha- 1,4- and alpha- 1,6 glycosidic bonds)

A

Starch

27
Q

A highly branched polysaccharide made up of alpha-glucose found in animal cells (alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6- glycosidic bonds)

A

Glycogen

28
Q

A polysaccharide made up of beta-glucose found in plant cells (beta-1,4- glycosidic bonds)

A

Cellulose

29
Q

An isomer of glucose that can bond together to form starch or glycogen

A

Alpha glucose

30
Q

An isomer of glucose that can bond together to form cellulose

A

Beta glucose

31
Q

A class of organic compounds that are fatty acids are their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes and steroids

A

Lipid

32
Q

An individual lipid molecule made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. Contains ester bonds

A

Triglyceride

33
Q

Fatty acid

A

A carboxylic acid with a hydrocarbon tail

34
Q

A molecule which combines with three fatty acids to form triglycerides. It is 3 carbon chain with 3 hydroxyl groups

A

Glycerol

35
Q

A fatty acid in which there are no double bonds between the carbon atoms

A

Saturated fatty acid

36
Q

Fatty acid which possesses a carbon chain with a single double bond between carbon atoms

A

Mono-unsaturated fatty acid

37
Q

Fatty acid which possesses a carbon chain with many double bonds between carbon atoms

A

Poly-unsaturated fatty acid

38
Q

Triglyceride in which one of the three fatty acid molecules is replaced by a phosphate molecule. Phospholipids are important in the structure and functioning of plasma membranes

A

Phospholipid

39
Q

Section of a molecule which is attracted to water

A

Hydrophilic

40
Q

Section of a molecule which is repulsed by water

A

Hydrophobic

41
Q

Test for lipids. Mix your sample with ethanol and then add water. If a white cloudy emulsion forms then a lipid is present

A

Emulsion test

42
Q

A polymer which is made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. May also contain prosthetic groups as part of its quaternary structure

A

Protein

43
Q

A monomer which makes up proteins. Has a central carbon atom which is bonded to: a carboxylic acid group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom and a R group

A

Amino acid

44
Q

The NH2 group of an amino acid

A

Amino group

45
Q

The COOH group of an amino acid

A

Carboxyl group

46
Q

Each of the 20 amino acids has a different R group - determines the bonding that the amino acid can carry out

A

R-group

47
Q

The type of bond that is formed between two amino acids

A

Peptide bond

48
Q

Many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

A

Polypeptide

49
Q

The sequence of amino acids that makes up the polypeptides of a protein

A

Primary protein structure

50
Q

The way in which the chain of amino acids of the polypeptides of a protein is folded

A

Secondary protein structure

51
Q

The folding of a whole polypeptide chain in a precise way, as determined by the amino acids of which it is composed

A

Tertiary protein structure

52
Q

Bond formed between Sulphur atoms in R groups of amino acids

A

Disulfide bridge

53
Q

A number of polypeptide chains linked together, and sometimes associated with non-protein groups to form a protein

A

Quaternary protein structure

54
Q

A simple biochemical reaction to detect the presence of protein, if the Biuret’s solution turns purple then protein is present

A

Biuret test

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