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AS BIOLOGY > Biological Molecules ( Chapter 2 ) > Flashcards

Biological Molecules ( Chapter 2 ) Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT ARE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES?

A

Biological molecules are molecules present in living organisms.

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2
Q

WHAT ARE MACROMOLECULES?

A

• Macromolecules are molecules having high molecular weight
• Have a weight greater than 10,000 Dalton’s

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3
Q

HOW MANY TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES ARE THERE?

A

3 Types

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4
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES?

A
  1. Polysaccharides
  2. Proteins
  3. Nucleic acid

—> all three of these are polymers- compounds which are made up of many repeating subunits

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5
Q
A
  1. Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides (monomers), Polysaccharides (polymers)
  2. Nucleic acid: Nucleotides (monomers), DNA/RNA (polymers)
  3. Proteins: Amino acids (monomers), proteins (polymers)
  4. Lipids: Fatty acids/Glycerol (monomers), lipids (polymers)
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6
Q

WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES?

A

Thy are hydrated carbons.
The general formula: Cx(H2O)y

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7
Q

WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES MADE UP OF?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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8
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE MAIN GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATE?

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
    * Saccharides means sweet
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9
Q

FEATURES OF MONOSACCHARIDES

A

• Are sugars consisting of one sugar molecules
• Monomers are all reducing sugars
• They are highly water soluble
• They are sweetest in taste
• Monomers are normally present in powder form

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10
Q

EXAMPLES OF MONOSACCHARIDES

A

Trioses (3 carbon sugar)
Pentose (DNA/RNA) (5 carbon sugar)
Hexoses (fructose, glucose, galactose) (6 carbon sugar)

  • CARBON NUMBER VARIES
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11
Q

WHAT IS GLUCOSE?

A

It is an example of a monomer.
It is an example of Hexoses sugar
It contains 5 hydroxyl group (OH)

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12
Q

GLUCOSE ARE PRESENT IN 2 STRUCTURES?

A

Straight structure- of glucose is in powder form it’ll be straight in structure.
Ring structure- of we dissolve the powder form in water the glucose structure will change from straight to ring structure.

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13
Q

THE RING STRUCTURE OF GLUCOSE HAS 2 ISOMERS

A
  1. Alpha-glucose (OH on carbon 1 at the bottom)
  2. Beta-glucose (OH on carbon 1 at the top)
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14
Q

WHAT ARE DISACCHARIDES?

A

They have 12 carbon, 11 oxygen, and 22 hydrogen.
This molecule consists of 2 Monosaccharides bonded together using the glycosidic linkage.
The process to make disaccharides is called condensation synthesis and during this process there is a removal of a water molecule
The reaction takes place between C1 of the first molecules (Monosaccharide) and C4 of the second molecule (Monosaccharide)

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15
Q

FEATURES OF DISACCHARIDES

A

• They are less soluble in water
• They are less sweet

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16
Q

WHAT ARE POLYSACCHARIDES?

A

• They are polymers
• The monomers of polysaccharides are Monosaccharides
• These monomers join together by the glycosidic linkage.
• The process of making polysaccharides is called condensation synthesis
• In the condensation synthesis process there’s a removal of a water molecule

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17
Q

EXAMPLES OF POLYSACCHARIDES

A
  1. Starch
  2. Glycogen
  3. Cellulose
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18
Q

STARCH AND GLYCOGEN

A

• They are both energy storage materials
• In animals energy is stored in the form of glycogen
• In plants energy is stored in the form of starch
• They are all compact, inert (interactive), and insoluble in water (therefore they don’t interfere with water potential)

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19
Q

WHAT IS CELLULOSE

A

• Cellulose is present in the plants cell wall
• It had high tensile strength, due to this the cell wall can resist Turgor pressure

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20
Q

WHAT IS STARCH

A

• It is a mixture of two substances: Amylase and Amylopectin.

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21
Q

AMYLASE

A

• This polysaccharide is made up of alpha glucose units.
• These alpha glucose units condense together to form Amylase
• This is a non-branched structure, therefore it’s a straight structure and die to this Amylase is compact
• The bonds between the alpha glucose units are called the 1,4 glycosidic linkage

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22
Q

Amylopectin

A

These are not helical
This is also a polysaccharide made up of alpha glucose
The bonds between the alpha glucose units are 1,4 glycosidic linkage and 1,6 glycosidic linkage
That are also branched structures

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23
Q

WHAT ARE THE BONDS BETWEEN THE ALPHA GLUCOSE UNITS IN AMYLOPECTIN CALLED?

A

The bonds between the alpha glucose units are 1,4 glycosidic linkage and 1,6 glycosidic linkage

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24
Q

GLYCOGEN

A

Glycogen contains alpha glucose units
It also has a branched structure
The bonds present between the alpha glucose units is the same as Amylopectin: 1,4 glycosidic linkage and 1,6 glycosidic linkage.
There job is to store energy

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25
Q

WHERE IS GLYCOGEN LOCATED?

A

Liver cells
Muscle cells
In the form of granules in animals ( the granules are present in the cytoplasm of the cell)

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26
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GLYCOGEN AND AMYLOPECTIN?

A

Glycogen have more branches in there structure as compared to Amylopectin

27
Q

CELLULOSE

A

Cellulose is made out of beta glucose
The bonds between beta glucose are 1,4 beta glycosidic linkage
They are unbranched, they are present in a straight chain.

28
Q

CELLULOSE STRUCTURE

A

For condensation to take place the OH groups should be next to each other and on the same side up or down
For glucose 2 we have to always rotate 180°
Then the H from the first glucose and OH from the second glucose combine to form a water molecule

29
Q

WHAT ARE LIPIDS MADE UP OF?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

30
Q
A

Lipids contain large amounts of carbon-hydrogen bonds. (C-H bonds)
Therefore release greater amount of energy as compared to Carbohydrates.

31
Q

ARE LIPIDS POLAR OR NON POLAR?

A

Lipids are non-polar ( have no + or - charges) therefore it is insoluble in water.

32
Q

LIPIDS ARE DIVIDED INTO THE TYPES:

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol/steroids

33
Q

TRIGLYCERIDES STRUCTURE

A

They are composed of 1 Glycerol unit and 3 fatty acid units
The fatty acids trail length varies

34
Q

WHAT ARE THE BONDS BETWEEN THE GLYCEROL AND THE FATTY ACIDS IN TRIGLYCERIDES?

A

Ester bonds

35
Q

FATTY ACIDS HAVE 2 COMPONENTS

A

Long hydrocarbon tail
Carboxylic group/head

36
Q

WHAT ARE THE SOLUBILITY OF THE TWO COMPONENTS?

A

The hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic therefore it is never in contact with water
The carboxylic head is hydrophilic therefore it creates a bond with water

37
Q

WHAT PROCESS DO WE USE TO MAKE TRIGLYCERIDES?

A

We use the condensation process where they is the removal of 3 water molecules

38
Q

ROLES/FUNCTIONS OF TRIGLYCERIDES:

A
  1. Energy storage (2× energy as compared to Carbohydrates)
  2. Thermal insulator ( doesn’t allow heat in not out)
  3. Electrical insulator
  4. Present around visceral organs (soft organs such as: heart lungs)
39
Q

PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE COMPOSED OF:

A

1 Glycerol and 2 fatty acids

40
Q

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

A

Saturated: have a single bonds between carbon carbon bonds
Unsaturated: have double bond between carbon carbon bonds

41
Q

WHAT IS A KINK

A

In a compound is a carbon carbon bond changes from a single bonds to a double bond a kink is formed, which is a bend in the structure

42
Q

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRIGLYCERIDES AND PHOSPHATE

A

Triglycerides: 1 Glycerol, have ester bond, 3 water molecules removed, composed of C, H2, and O2
Phosphate: 1 Glycerol, ester bond, 2 water molecules removed, contain phosphate group, composed of C, H2, and O2

43
Q

WHERE ARE THE DOUBLE BOND LOCATED ON THE UNSATURATED LIPIDS MOLECULE?

A

In fatty acids, in specific in the head of the fatty acids (the carboxylic head)

44
Q

WHAT ARE PROTEINS?

A

• proteins are polymers and their monomers are amino acids
• Proteins are 50% of dry mass of cells

45
Q

PROTEINS ARE COMPOSED OF:

A

N, H, O, C
* and in some sulphur

46
Q

HOW MANY TYPES OF PROTEINS ARE THERE?

A

20 different types of amino acids

47
Q

THE STRUCTURE OF AMINO ACIDS:

A

In amino acids there is a: carboxylic group, alpha-catch, variable R group, amino group and hydrogen.

48
Q

THE VARIABLE R GROUP

A

• The variable R group is different in every amino acids
• the variable R group makes it easy to differentiate between amino acid
• The variable R group determines the 3D small of amino acids and there solubility in water
• They determine the size and stricture and nature of the amino acid

49
Q

THE R GROUPS ARE OF TWO TYPES:

A
  1. Non-polar R-groups: due to this there’s a hydrophobic side chain. Therefore it is insoluble in water
  2. Polar R group: due to this the side chain is hydrophilic. Therefore it is soluble in water
50
Q

WHAT’S THE PROCESS TO FORM POLYPEPTIDES?

A

Condensation reaction

51
Q

WHATS THE PROCESS TO CONCERT POLYPEPTIDES INTO AMINO ACIDS?

A

Hydrolysis reaction

52
Q

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF BONDS?

A
  1. Peptide bonds
  2. Hydrogen bonds
  3. Ionic bonds
  4. Disulfate bonds
  5. Weak hydrophobic bonds
53
Q

WHAT ARE PEPTIDE BONDS?

A

It is formed between two amino acids

54
Q

WHAT ARE HYDROGEN BONDS?

A

They form between oxygen of ‘CO’ of one amino acid and hydrogen of ‘NH’ of the other amino acid
*Hydrogen bonds form after every 4 amino acids forming a contact zigzag structure

55
Q

WHAT ARE IONIC BONDS?

A

They are formed by the transfer of electrons.
*COOH loses it’s hydrogen to NH2 to form NH3

56
Q

WHAT ARE DISULFATE BONDS?

A

They are strong covalent bonds formed between two sulfur containing amino acids

57
Q

WHAT ARE WEAK HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION BONDS?

A

They form between two R groups.

58
Q

STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS:

A
  1. Primary structure
  2. Secondary structure
  3. Teritary structure
  4. Quadernary structure
59
Q

WHAT IS A-HELIX?

A

A helical structure formed by a polypeptide chain, held on place by hydrogen bonds; an a-helix is an example of a secondary structure in a protein

60
Q

WHAT IS A B-PLEATED SHEET?

A

A loose, sheet like structure formed by hydrogen bonds between parallel polypeptide chains; a B-pleated sheet is an example of secondary structure in a protein

61
Q

WHAT IS THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE

A

It is the longest sequence of amino acids.
It is determined by the sequence of DNA nucleotides
Bond that is present is a peptide bond, which can break in the presence of high temperature

62
Q

WHAT IS THE SECONDARY STRUCTURE

A

It is the structure of a protein molecule resulting from the regular coiling or folding of the chain of amino acids. (Foldings of Alpha helix or Beta-pleated sheet)
Occurs by hydrogen bonding between NH and C=O groups of amino acids.

63
Q

WHAT IS THE TERITARY STRUCTURE?

A

It is the compact structure of a protein molecule resulting from the there-dimensional coiling of the chain of amino acids.
In this structure the bonds that are present are: hydrogen, weak hydrophobic interactions, disulfide, ionic bonds, and peptide bonds

64
Q

WHAT IS THE QUATERNARY STRUCTURE?

A

Many protein are made up of two or more polypeptides chains. The overall structure formed by the different polypeptide chains is called the quaternary structure.
Basically, the stricture is always formed by association of two or more polypeptide chains.
The bonds present are the same as the ones in the tertiary structure

AS BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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