Biological molecules- carbohydrates

Question 1

Define a condensation reaction

Answer 1

Joining of monomers via chemical bonds and the removal of water

Question 2

Define a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 2

Addition of water in order to break a chemical bond between 2 molecules

Question 3

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate, and give an example

Answer 3

Monosaccharide
Glucose

Question 4

What is the polymer of a carbohydrate, and give an example

Answer 4

Polysaccharide
Starch

Question 5

Give the 3 components of a carbohydrate molecule

Answer 5

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

Question 6

How does an beta glucose molecule differ from an alpha glucose molecule

Answer 6

In beta glucose, the OH group is above the plane of the ring where in alpha it is below

Question 7

State 3 uses of carbohydrates

Answer 7

substrate for respiration
energy store
structural support

Question 8

Monosaccharides have a carbon backbone, what does this mean

Answer 8

one carbon forms a double bond with an oxygen, other carbons are bonded to hydrogen and a hydroxyl group

Question 9

What is isomerism

Answer 9

Glucose taking a differing structure

Question 10

how many carbon atoms does glucose contain?

Answer 10

6 carbons

Question 11

Give the definition of a disaccharide

Answer 11

2 monomers joined together by a 1-4 glycosidic bond

Question 12

Glucose + Glucose=

Answer 12

Maltose

Question 13

Glucose +——- = lactose

Answer 13

glactose

Question 14

Glucose + fructose =

Answer 14

sucrose

Question 15

What are polysaccharides

Answer 15

Many glucose units joined together

Question 16

Which type of glucose to these complex carbohydrates contain?
glycogen
starch
cellulose

Answer 16

Gylcogen= alpha
starch = alpha
Cellulose = beta

Question 17

Give the composition of a glycogen molecule

Answer 17

Many alpha glucose molecules joined both
small 1-4 and 1-6 gylcosidic bond giving less tendancy to coil

Question 18

Glycogen molecules have BRANCHES , why is this important

Answer 18

Allows for the quick release of energy in animals due to having more enzyme-connecting endings

Question 19

Why is glycogen a good storage molecule

Answer 19

It is a large but compact molecule

Question 20

State the 2 polysaccharides present in a starch molecule

Answer 20

amylose
amylopectin

Question 21

What is amylose?

Answer 21

Long UNbranched chain of alpha glucose, joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds ONLY

Question 22

Give the structure of amylose

Answer 22

coiled and compact for efficient energy storage

Question 23

What is amylopectin

Answer 23

Long ,BRANCHED chain of alpha glucose joined by BOTH 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

Question 24

Why does amylopectin supply quick energy release

Answer 24

Amylopectin has branches which allow it to be rapidly digested by enzymes which easily break down the glycosidic bonds

Question 25

What is cellulose

Answer 25

Long straight UN branched chains of Beta glucose

Question 26

How are cellulose molecules joined

Answer 26

Strong hydrogen bonds which form microfibrils

Question 27

Why is cellulose difficult to digest

Answer 27

microfibrils are embedded into a framework of hemicellulose and pectins which provide strength and support

Question 28

Why is each alternate glucose molecule in cellulose rotated 180 degrees

Answer 28

To allow the bonding of hydroxyl groups, so that the alcohol group of alternate molecules is ABOVE the plane of the carbon ring

Question 29

Cellulose can be stretched and can withstand high levels of turgid pressure, what is this definition

Answer 29

High tensile strength

Question 31

How are cellulose fibres freely permeable

Answer 31

Space between the fibrils allow water and mineral ions to pass through

Question 32

What is the significance of starch being and insoluble molecule

Answer 32

It has no osmotic effect

Question 33

Where is there a high concerntration of glycogen molecules

Answer 33

In liver and muscle ceels