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Eleanor Rowe Biology > Biological molecules > Flashcards

Biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main biomolecules

A 
Carbohydrates 
Protein
Lipids
DNA
Water
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2
Q

What are all bio molecules made of

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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3
Q

What are the three types of monomer

A

Amino acids
Mono-nucleotides
Monosaccharides

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4
Q

What are the three types of polymer

A

Polypeptides
Poly nucleotides
Polysaccharide

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5
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

Protein

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6
Q

What is a poly nucleotide

A

DNA or RNA

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7
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

Carbohydrates

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8
Q

Give three types of carbohydrate

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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9
Q

What is an organic compound

A

Something that contains hydrogen and carbon

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10
Q

What is the -OH functional group called

A

Hydroxyl group or alcohol

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11
Q

What is the -NH2 functional group called

A

Amine Group

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12
Q

What is the -COOH group called

A

Carboxylic acid

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13
Q

What is the -R group called

A

Variable group

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14
Q

What is a covalent bond and is it strong

A

Sharing of electrons

Very strong

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15
Q

What is a hydrogen bond

A

A weak interaction between molecules, formed between slightly -ve and +ve part of molecule

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16
Q

How are the polarised parts of a molecule formed that make up a hydrogen bond

A

Formed by unequal sharing of electrons

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17
Q

Why do you not get hydrogen bonds between atoms

A

It only occurs between molecules as it is an interaction between them

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18
Q

What is an ionic bond and is it strong

A

An intermolecular force between two oppositely charged ions
Weaker than covalent
Stronger than ionic

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19
Q

Are hydrogen bonds strong

A

The interaction itself is weak

But many hydrogen bonds together is strong

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20
Q

What are the properties of glucose 2

A

Tastes sweet

Soluble

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21
Q

What are the three properties of simple sugars

A

Small
Sweet
Soluble

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22
Q

What are the two types of simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

23
Q

Examples of monosaccharides 3

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

24
Q

Are monosaccharides reducing or non reducing

25
Q

What is the general formula for monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n

Where n is a number from 3 to 7

26
Q

3 examples of disaccharides and are they reducing or non reducing

A

Sucrose non reducing
Lactose reducing
Maltose reducing

27
Q

3 properties of polysaccharide

A

Large
Non sweet
Insoluble

28
Q

Difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

The H and OH on the right hand side swap places

29
Q

What is maltose formed from

A

Two glucose

30
Q

What is sucrose formed from

A

Glucose and fructose

31
Q

What is lactose formed from

A

Glucose and galactose

32
Q

What is forming covalent bonds also called and why

A

A condensation reaction as a water molecule is lost

33
Q

What is breaking covalent bonds known as and why

A

Known as hydrolysis as you need to add water for the reaction to take place

34
Q

What is the bond called in a condensation reaction and what takes place to do this

A

Called a glycosidic bond

A H2O is removed from the two HO leaving an oxygen bonding the two together

35
Q

Are glycosidic bonds strong or not and why

A

Strong as they are covalent bonds

36
Q

What happens in a hydrolysis reaction

A

Add water to disaccharide to get two monosaccharide

Water hydrolyses glycosidic bond, and reverts back to hydroxyl group

37
Q

True or false hydrolysis is an enzyme controlled reaction

38
Q

How are polysaccharides formed

A

Condensation reactions of monosaccharides

39
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

40
Q

What are the two forms of starch

A

Amylose

Amylopectin

41
Q

Are amylose and amylopectin branched or unbranched

A

Amylose unbranched

Amylopectin branched

42
Q

Is glycogen branched or unbranched

43
Q

Is cellulose branched or unbranched

A

Unbranched

44
Q

What polysaccharides are made of alpha glucose

A

Amylose
Amylopectin
Glycogen

45
Q

What polysaccharides are made of beta glucose monomers

46
Q

What polysaccharides have glycosidic bonds between polymers

A

Amylose
amylopectin
Glycogen

47
Q

What polysaccharides have hydrogen bonds and why are they useful

A

Cellulose

Useful as forms microfibres which are strong fibres that help cellulose carry out its function

48
Q

Function of amylose and amylopectin

A

Storage molecule of excess glucose in plants

49
Q

How does the structure of amylose relate to its function

A

Coiled structure makes it compact so good as storage as more can be fit into a small space

50
Q

How does the structure of amylopectin relate to its function

A

Branches allow enzymes that break down molecule to get at glycosidic bonds easily
Meaning glucose released quickly

51
Q

What is the function of glycogen

A

Storage molecule of excess glucose in animals fungi and bacteria

52
Q

How does the structure of glycogen relate to its function

A

More branches mean stored glucose can be released quickly

Very compact so good for storage

53
Q

Function of cellulose

A

Strengthen plant cells and tissues

54
Q

How does the function of cellulose relate to its structure

A

Strong fibres mean cellulose provides structural support for cells

Eleanor Rowe Biology (3 decks)

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