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BIOLOGY OCR > Biological molecules > Flashcards

Biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

A

Cn H2n On

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2
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • Source of energy
  • Store of energy
  • Structural units
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3
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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4
Q

What is the polymer of carbohydrates

A

polysaccharides

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5
Q

What is the molecular formula of glucose

A

C6 H12 O6

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6
Q

is glucose a monosaccharide

A

yes

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7
Q

properties of the glucose monosaccharide

A
  • Good source of energy because they have a high number of C-H bonds which can be used to release energy in respiration
  • Also due to OH groups its soluble in polar solvents e.g water and insoluble in non polar solvents
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8
Q

Give an example of isomers of glucose

A

Alpha and beta glucose

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9
Q

what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

Alpha - H and OH on carbon 1 and 2 are pointing in the same direction
Beta - H and OH on carbon 1 and 2 pointing in opposite directions

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10
Q

Give an example of a pentose sugar

A

Ribose

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11
Q

Give an example of a hexose sugar

A

glucose

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12
Q

Explain the condensation of two glucose monosaccharides (forming a disaccharide)

A

The OH of each monosaccharide disappears and an O bond forms between the two joining them together (C-O-C) + H2O

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13
Q

What is the name of the (O) bond that forms between monosaccharides

A

Glycosidic bond

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14
Q

What is the process of splitting a disaccharide into two monosaccharides?

A

Hydrolysis - water is added which breaks the glycosidic bond

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15
Q

alpha glucose + alpha glucose =?

A

Maltose

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16
Q

alpha glucose + fructose =?

A

Sucrose

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17
Q

Beta galactose + alpha glucose =?

A

lactose

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18
Q

give 2 examples of reducing sugars

A

maltose and lactose

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19
Q

give an example of a non reducing sugar

A

sucrose

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20
Q

What is the equation for respiration

A

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

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21
Q

Where is starch found animal or plants

A

in plants

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22
Q

What is starch made of and which type of glucose

A

amylose and amylopectin

alpha glucose

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23
Q

Which isomer of glucose is amylose made of and what type of glycosidic bond does it have (1-4 or 1-6)

A

alpha glucose 1-4

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24
Q

What does 1-4 glycosidic bond mean?

A

Which carbon the glycosidic bond is formed, carbon 1 and 4

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25
Q

Is amylose coiled or not coiled if so why is it helpful

A

coiled - makes it more compact which is good for storage.

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26
Q

Is amylose soluble or insoluble and why?

A

insoluble - OH groups facing on the inside of the coiled amylose, hiding the hydrophillic surfaces on the inside of the molecule

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27
Q

What type of glycosidic bonding does amylopectin contain

A

both 1-4 and 1-6

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28
Q

How does 1-6 glycosidic bonds cause branching

A

Because the glycosidic bond is at carbon 1 and carbon 6 so the alpha glucose being bonded at carbon 6 has to be tilted slightly so that the bond can form. The bonding is at a different angle compared to 1-4 which is straight

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29
Q

Where is glycogen found animals or plants

A

in animals

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30
Q

What type of glycosidic bonding does glycogen contain

A

both 1-4 and 1-6

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31
Q

What is the structural difference between amylopectin and glycogen

A

glycogen has shorter sections of coiling / branches and it has more 1-6 bonds increasing how compact it is

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32
Q

What makes starch and glycogen so suited to storage?

A
  • compact

- easy access (through branching) more branches = more points of access to enzymes = quicker hydrolysis of monomers

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33
Q

Which enzyme hydrolyses alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

A

amylase

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34
Q

Which enzyme hydrolyses alpha 1-6 glcosidic bonds?

A

glucosidase

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35
Q

compare solubility of glycogen and starch

A

less water soluble than individual monomers of glucose so water potential of the cells that store them aren’t disrupted, WP wont decrease and rate of metabolic reactions not affected

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36
Q

Describe cellulose

A

tough
insoluble
fibrous
component of plant cell wall

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37
Q

Does cellulose contain alpha or beta glucose?

A

beta glucose

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38
Q

What type of glycosidic bond does cellulose contain

A

beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds

39
Q

What must happen to beta glucose in order for a glycosidic bond to form between them by condensation

A

one must be inverted because beta glucose has the H and OH flipped around so the 2 OH groups on each glucose arent next to each other. so water cant form and the (O) glycosidic bond cant form

40
Q

Is beta 1-4 glyocosidic bond coiled

A

No it is straight

41
Q

What is formed when 60-70 beta glucose chains are bound together

A

microfibril

42
Q

What does lots of microfibrils make

A

macrofibrils

43
Q

What makes cellulose suited to it being structural/ in cell walls

A

has high tensile strength of micro and macro fibrils difficult to rip apart - strength comes from H bonds and covalent glycosidic bonds

Macrofibrils arranged in criss cross direction = extra strength

difficult to digest

44
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall made of

A

peptidoglycan

45
Q

What are exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans made of

A

chitin

46
Q

Are lipids soluble in water and why

A

insoluble as they are non polar molecules

47
Q

are lipids soluble in alcohol

A

yes as alcohol is less polar

48
Q

3 types of lipids

A

triglycerides
cholesterol
phospholipid

49
Q

Are lipids polymers

A

no as theyre not made of repeating monomers they are macromolecules (made of different components)

50
Q

What are triglycerides made of

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

51
Q

What is the structure of trglycerides

A

glycerol - chain of carbons with H and OH attached

Fatty acid COOH (carboxyl) and chain of carbons with H attached

52
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon chain

A

No C-C double bonds

53
Q

What is a unsaturated hydrocabon chain

A

has C-C double bonds

54
Q

What does more unsaturated fatty acids/hydrocarbon chains mean

A

Closer to being a liquid as its more fluid and has a lower melting point.

55
Q

What is the bond that holds the glycerol and fatty acids together to make a triglyceride?

A

Ester bond (C-O-C=O )

56
Q

Which process forms an ester bond

A

esterification/condensation

57
Q

Functions of triglycerides

A

Energy source - by hydrolysis of ester bonds
Energy store - as they’re insoluble, doesnt affect WP of cells releases more energy than sugar.
good insulator
mechanical protection e.g around the heart
buoyancy -helps animals float
waterproofing - hydrophobic & insoluble

58
Q

Structure of phospholipid

A

Phosphate head

2 fatty acid chains one saturated and one unsaturated

59
Q

How are phospholipids amphipathic

A

hydrophilic portion and hydrophobic portion forms phspholipid BI-layer
forms micelles

60
Q

Structure of cholesterol

A

4 isoprene units + hydrocarbon chains, non polar

61
Q

function of cholesterol

A

regulates fluidity of bilayer

makes hormones like testosterone oestrogen and vitamin D in animals

62
Q

What are amino acids and how many are found in proteins of humans

A

basic building blocks of proteins

20 found in humans

63
Q

structure of amino acid

A

NH2 - CHR-COOH amino group, R group and carboxyl group

64
Q

What do lots of amino acids make

A

Polypeptides/proteins

65
Q

How are amino acids joined together forming peptide bonds

A

By condensation O=C-N

66
Q

How are peptide bonds broken

A

hydrolysis

67
Q

What is the primary structure of protein

A

sequence of amino acids

68
Q

What is the secondary structure of protein

A

coiling or folding of amino acid chain - beta pleated sheet, alpha helix, unstructured region, each held by H bonds so its easily affected by pH and temperature

69
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins

A

folding of alpha helix, beta pleated sheets and unstructured regions forming a 3D shape

70
Q

What types of bonding occurs in tertiary structure

A

ionic bonding , oppositely charged ions
H bonding - bewteen O-H/ O-N
disulphide bridge - S-S
Hydrohphobic and hydrophillic interactions - uncharhed or polar areas possibly OH group or ring of carbon

71
Q

What is the quaternary structure

A

lots of polypeptide chains to make a protein

72
Q

What is a fibrous protein structure?

A

extended, regular and repetitive primary structure, simple secondary structure,

73
Q

What is globular protein structure?

A

round, compact, irregular primary structure, complex secondary structure

74
Q

functions/properties of fibrous proteins

A

Structural role, insoluble, less sensitive to pH and temp changes

75
Q

functions/properties of globular proteins

A

metabolic roles, soluble, more sensitive to pH and temp changes

76
Q

What type of protein is collagen

A

fibrous

77
Q

function of collagen

A 
provides mechanical strength
in arteries - prevents it from bursting
tendons- connect muscle to bone so we cant lift heavy stuff/ withstand large forces
bones
cartilage
78
Q

What type of protein is keratin

A

fibrous

79
Q

function of keratin

A 
mechanical strength for
hair 
nails
claws
hoofs
horns
scales
fur
80
Q

What type of protein is elastin

A

fibrous

81
Q

Give an example of a globular protein

A

haemoglobin

82
Q

structure of haemoglobin

A

2 alpha and 2 beta chains.

Haem groups containing Fe ions it is a conjugated protein

83
Q

What is a haem group

A

type of prosthetic group (essential to function of protein)

84
Q

function of haemoglobin

A

carry oxygen from lungs to tissue changes oxygen from dark red/purple to bright red

85
Q

What is computer modelling used for

A

predicting the tertiary structure of protein by ab initio or comparative protein modelling

86
Q

Does insulin contain alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

A

both

87
Q

What is the role of insulin

A

Regulate glucose concentration in the blood

88
Q

How does insulin fulfil its role/what does it do?

A

It binds to a specific target receptor which triggers the uptake of glucose into cells and the metabolism of glucose in respiration. This decreases the glucose concentration in the blood

89
Q

How does insulin fulfil its role/what does it do?

A

It binds to a specific target receptor which triggers the uptake of glucose into cells and the metabolism of glucose in respiration. This decreases the glucose concentration in the blood

90
Q

Is calcium a cation or anion

A

cation

91
Q

role of calcium

A

increases rigidity of bone teeth cartilage and exoskeletons.
involved in blood clotting and stimulation of muscle contraction and controlling nerve impulses responsible for muscle contraction
importnat for regulating membrane permeability
and cell wall development in plants

92
Q

is sodium a cation or anion

A

cation

93
Q

role of sodium

A

regulates osmotic pressure helping regulate water levels in body fluids and maintaining pH
Also important part of vacuoles involved in turgidity in plant cells
important for absorption of carbs in intestine and water in kidney
Also involved in nervous transmission

94
Q

Role of potassium

A

synthesis of glycogen and protein
break down of glucose
generating healthy flowers and leaves in plants
involved in active transport in cell membranes

BIOLOGY OCR (12 decks)

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