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OCR A Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the properties of water?

A 
High specific heat capacity
High latent heat of evaporation
Very cohesive
Lower density when solid 
God solvent
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2
Q

What are the functions of water?

A

Important in reactions
Used to transport substances
Helps with premature control
Water is a habitat

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3
Q

What elements are carbohydrates made of?

A

Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen

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4
Q

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

A

Cx(H20)Y

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5
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Long chain molecules

Linked up by monomers in a repeating pattern

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6
Q

What are the two types of glucose?

A

Alpha and Beta

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7
Q

Draw an alpha glucose molecule

A

…

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8
Q

Draw an beta glucose molecule

A

…

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9
Q

Describe the structure of glucose

A

A monoscaccride with 6 carbon rings

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10
Q

Describe the structure of ribose

A

A monoscaccride with 5 carbon rings

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11
Q

Draw a verbose molecule

A

…

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12
Q

What bond are monosaccharides joined by?

A

glycosidic bonds

This is a condensation reactions (releases water)

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13
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

It is a simple sugar (CH4O)n

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14
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Double sugar two monosaccharide

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15
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

large molecules from many monosaccarides joined through condensation and glycosidic bonds

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the statch amylose

A

Long unbrached
alpha glucose
Coiled structure
very compact therefore its good for stoage

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17
Q

Describe the structure of the statch amylopectin

A

Long branched
alpha glucose
Its in rows allowing it to be broken down easily and quickly

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18
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

It is the breakdown of di/polysaccharides with addition of water molcules

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19
Q

What is the structure of glycogen?

A 
Main energy storage in animals
Branched
Alpha glucose
Very compact
Storage molecule
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20
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A 
Unbranched chains
Component in plant cell walls
Beta glucose
Provides structural support
Straight shains
21
Q

Compare glycogen and cellulose

A

Glycogen:

  • Alpha glucose
  • Branched
  • Storage molecule

Cellulose:

  • Beta glucose
  • Unbranched
  • Structural molcule
22
Q

What makes up a triglyceride?

A

One glycerol molecule

Three fatty acid molcules

23
Q

What type of bond is formed between the glycerol and fatty acids

A

Ester bonds

24
Q

Draw the chemical structure of a tryglceride

A

…

25
Q

Which part of a fatty acid is hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

A

Tail hydrophobic

Heads Hydrophilic

26
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated

A

Unsaturated has at least one carbon double bond

27
Q

What makes up a phospholipid

A

One glycerol molecule
Two fatty acid molecules
One Phosphate group

28
Q

What are the main functions of triglycerides?

A

Energy storage in plants and animals
Insoluble
Heat (insulation)

29
Q

What are the main functions of phospholipids?

A

Make up a bilayer

Used in cell membranes

30
Q

What are the main functions of cholesterol?

A

It helps strengthen cell membranes

31
Q

What is a protein made of?

A

An R group, carboxlic group and amine group

32
Q

Draw the structure of an amino acid

A

…

33
Q

What is a primary structure?

A

This is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Held together by peptide bonds;

34
Q

What is a secondary structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds either causes amino acids to coil (alpha helix) or fold (beta sheets)

35
Q

What is a tertiary structure?

A

This is the bonds between the residual group

  • Hydrophoblic /hydrophilic
  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Disulphide bonds
  • Ionic bonds
36
Q

What is a quaternary structure?

A

Some proteins are made of several peptide chains. They form either globular proteins or fibrous proteins.

37
Q

What is a globular protein?

A

They are round and compact

38
Q

Give 3 examples of a globular protien

A

Haemoglobin
Insulin
Amylase

39
Q

What is a fibrous protein?

A

They are tough and rope-shaped.

40
Q

Give 3 examples of a fibrous protien

A

Keratin
Elastin
Collagen

41
Q

What are inorganic ions?

A

An ion is an atom that has an electrical charge

Inorganic ones do not contain carbon

42
Q

What is a cation?

A

An ion with a positive charge

43
Q

What is an anion?

A

An ion with a negative charge

44
Q

What test is used for protiens? and state the basic components of this test

A

Biuret testing

  1. The test solution needs to be alkaline, add drops of sodium hydroxide
  2. add copper sulphate
  3. If a protein is present it turns purple
45
Q

What is the test for starch? and state the basic components of this test

A

The iodine test

  1. Add iodine
  2. if starch is present it turns from an browny orange to a blue/black colour
46
Q

What test is used for lipids? and state the basic components of this test

A

The emulsion test for lipids

  1. shake the test subject with ethanol
  2. Then add water
  3. If a lipid is present it will turn milky
47
Q

What is the test used for sugars?

A

Benedicts test for sugars

48
Q

What is a reducing sugar and how would you test for it?

A

Reducing sugar include all monosaccharides and some disaccharides

  1. Add benedicts solution
  2. Heat in a water bath
  3. If the test is positive it will form a coloured precipitate
49
Q

How would you test for non reducing sugars?

A
  1. add hydrochloric acid
  2. heat in water bath
  3. neutralise with sodium hydrogencarbonate
  4. If it changes colour is is a non reducing sugar

OCR A Biology (6 decks)

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