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AQA Biology AS > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of bond holds two monosaccharides together? [1]

A

Glycosidic

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2
Q

Two monomers of alpha glucose form what disaccharide? [1]

A

Maltose

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3
Q

Glucose + Glucose -> X
Glucose + Fructose -> Y
Glucose + Galactose -> Z

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Galactose

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4
Q

Describe how you would test for a reducing sugar using the Benedicts Test [3]

A
  • Add Benedicts reagent to your sample
  • Heat strongly
  • Positive result is a brick red colour
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5
Q

What type of reaction involves the breaking of a molecule by adding a molecule of water [1]

A

Hydrolysis

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6
Q

What type of reaction involves joining two monomers by removing a molecule of water [1]

A

Condensation

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7
Q

Starch is a polysaccharide, describe its structure [3]

A
  • Monomers of alpha glucose
  • 1,4 glyosidic bonds
  • Branches every 30 units 1,6
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8
Q

What is the test for starch? [1]

A

Add iodine if starch present it will turn a blue-black colour

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9
Q

Give three reasons why starch is an ideal molecule for storage? [3]

A
  • Compact so doesn’t take up too much space
  • Insoluble so doesn’t affect the water potential
  • Can be easily hydrolysed into molecules of glucose which can be used for energy
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10
Q

Describe the structure of Cellulose [3]

A
  • Polymer chain of beta glucose with every other glucose molecule rotated about 180 (inverted)
  • Chains run straight and parallel with one an other
  • Chain is unbranched
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11
Q

Explain what is meant by micro fibrils [2]

A
  • Due to the nature of chains running so straight and parallel hydrogen bonds can form which gives it added tensile strength
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12
Q

Where is cellulose found within a plant cell? [1]

A

Cell wall

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13
Q

Why does cellulose need to be strong [2]

A

To provide enough strength to the plant so it can stand up straight

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14
Q

What is the energy storage molecules in humans called? [1]

A

Glycogen

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15
Q

A triglyceride contains what two groups [2]

A

Three fatty acid tails

One molecule of glycerol

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16
Q

What is the test for a lipid [2]

A

Add ethanol, water and shake, if lipid present then a cloudy white emulsion will form

17
Q

What additional group does a phospholipid have that a regular triglyceride does not? [1]

A

Phosphate Group

18
Q

What makes a fatty acid unsaturated [1]

A

The presence of a carbon carbon double bond

19
Q

How many carbons does a hexose sugar contain? [1]

A

6

20
Q

How many carbons does a pentose sugar contain? [1]

A

5

21
Q

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and why? [2]

A

The fatty acids tails, since they are non polar

22
Q

What is the name given to the way phospholipids arrange themselves when in water? [1]

A

Bilayer

23
Q

What is the bond called joining the fatty acids together called? [1]

A

Ester

24
Q

What is a COOH group called? [1]

A

Carboxyl

25
Q

What is an OH group called? [1]

A

Hydroxyl

26
Q

Draw out the structure of an amino acid

A

H2N - C(R)(H) - COOH

27
Q

What type of reaction joins two amino acids together? [1]

A

Condensation

28
Q

Describe the primary structure of a protein [2]

A

The order by which the amino acids are arranged in

29
Q

Describe the secondary structure of a protein [2]

A

The way and which the polypeptide chains is twisted and shaped - beta pleated sheet/alpha helicase

30
Q

Describe the tertiary structure of a protein [2]

A

The overall 3-D shape of the polypeptide as a result of both primary and secondary structure

31
Q

Describe the quaternary structure of a protein [2]

A

If there are more than one polypeptides present or if there are any prosthetic groups

32
Q

What is the bond holding two amino acids together called? [1]

A

Peptide

33
Q

What is the biuret test for proteins? [2]

A

Add NaOH to raise pH add some copper sulphate if a purple precipitate forms then a protein is present

34
Q

What is a DNA nucleotide made from [3]

A

Deoxyribose Sugar
Organic Base
Phosphate Group

35
Q

What base is complementary to Thymine? [1]

A

Adenine

36
Q

Hoe do complementary base pairs attach to one another? [1]

A

Hydrogen Bonds

37
Q

What is a nucleotide of RNA made from? [1]

A

Ribonucleic Acid
Phosphate Group
Organic Base

38
Q

In RNA which base is complementary to Adenine? [1]

A

Uracil

AQA Biology AS (7 decks)

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