Biological molecules 2 Flashcards
what does ATP stand for
adenosine triphosphate
what is atp made up of
adenine, ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups
where is the energy stored in atp
the high energy bonds between phosphate groups
what happens when cell needs energy
atp is hydrolysed into adp and Pi
the reaction is catalysed by enzyme atp hydrolase
what does adp stand for
adenosine diphosphate
what happens when energy is stored
atp can resynthesis in condensation reaction between adp and Pi
catalysed by enzyme adp synthase
what is atp
a store of energy
-energy used to make atp
- energy released when hydrolysed
what are the 4 functions of water
- metabolite in metabolic reactions like condensation and hydrolysis
- solvent
- control temp due to high latent heat of vaporisation and high SHC
-very cohesive which help water transport
why do H bonds form in water
slightly -ve charged O atoms attracts to slightly +ve charged H atoms
why is water a good solvent
their polarity- ions totally surround water molecule- living organism an take up useful dissolved substances and transported
why is it important that water has a high latent heat of vaporisation
living organisms can use water loss through evaporation to cool down without losing too much water
why is it useful that water has a high SHC
water doesnt experience rapid temperature changes- help living organism to maintain constant internal body temp
why is it good that water is very cohesive
help water to flow- good for tranporting substances
what are inorganic ions
ions which doesnt contain carbon - few exceptions
what ion is in haemoglobin and whats its role
Fe 2+ ions
binds to the oxygen in haemoglobin- temporarily becomes Fe 3+ ions
what ion is used to calculate pH
H+ ions
what ion help glucose and amino acid cross membrane
Na+ ions - cotransport
what does phosphate ions do in atp and DNA/RNA
atp- bonds between phosphate groups store energy
dna/rna- allow nucleotides to join up to form polynucleotides
what does dna and rna stand for
deoxyribose nucleic acid
ribose nucleic acid
what is nucleotide made up of
phosphate group
pentose sugar
base- contain nitrogen
what bond forms between nucleotides
phosphodiester bond- consists phosphate group and two ester bond
whats the types of bases
pyrimidines- contain single rings
purines- contain double rings
which bases are pyrimidines
thymine
cytosine
uracil
what bases are purines
adenine
guanine
what are the types of pentose sugar
deoxyribose sugar
ribose sugar - one more O atom
what bases does dna have
adenine cytosine thymine guanine
what bases does rna have
adenine cytosine uracil guanine
explain why water is significant in living organims
-solvent for polar molecules in metabolite reactions
- helps to avoid fluctuation in temp
- cohesion and tension of water molecules in transpiration stream
explain the role of H+ ions in proteins
h+ ions interact with H bonds ad ionic bonds in tertiary structure of protein which can cause it to denature
whats the role of DNA
base sequence of genes codes for functional RNA and amino acid sequence of polypeptides
explain the role of ATP in cells
atp hydrolase catalyses atp into adp and Pi
phosphate group phosphorylates compounds to make them more reactive
how is ATP resynthesised in cells
atp synthase catalyses condensation reaction between ADP and Pi
during photosynthesis and respiration
explain why ATP is suitable as the energ currency in cells
high energy bonds between phosphate groups
small amount of energy released at a time= less wasted as heat
single step hydrolysis= energy available quickly
readily resythesised
