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Biological Molecules Flashcards

monomer, polymer lipids carbohydrates proteins

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1
Q

What are the key molecules which enables organisms to function?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Water

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2
Q

What are monomers and polymers?

A

Monomers are smaller units
Polymers are molecules made from lots of monomers

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3
Q

Name monomers of lipid

A

Glycerol and fatty acids
(Lipids are not polymers)

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4
Q

Name monomer and polymer of nucleic acid

A

Monomer is nucleotide
Polymer is DNA

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5
Q

Name monomer and polymer of protein

A

Monomer is amino acid
Polymer is polypeptide

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6
Q

Name monomer and polymer for carbohydrate

A

Monomer is monosaccharide
Polymer is polysaccharide

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7
Q

What compounds are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids? And why?

A

Organic compounds
Contain elements carbon and hydrogen

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8
Q

What is maltose made up of?

A

2 alpha- glucose

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9
Q

What is sucrose made up of?

A

Alpha glucose and fructose

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10
Q

What is lactose made up of?

A

Alpha glucose and beta galactose

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11
Q

What is condensation reaction?

A

When monomers combine together by covalent bonds to form polymers and water is removed

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12
Q

How does alpha glucose look like in a bond diagram

A

C1 bonded with H at the top and OH at bottom

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13
Q

How does beta glucose look like in diagram

A

C1 bonded to H at the bottom and OH at top
(Opposite to alpha)

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14
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

When polymers are hydrolysed into monomers when water is added

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15
Q

What is the name of the bond which forms bewteen carbohydrate monomers

A

Glycosidic bond ( when O is bonded to two C )

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16
Q

What are reducing sugars

A

includes all monosaccharides and some disaccharides like maltose and lactose.
They can donate electrons ( become oxidised)
Sugars become the reducing agent
Can be detected using Benedict’s test

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17
Q

What are non-reducing sugars

A

Cannot donate electrons (cannot be oxidised)
In order to detect the sugar must be first hydrolysed to break the disaccharide into monosaccharides before Benedict’s test
Eg sucrose

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18
Q

What is an isomer

A

Organic molecules that have the same molecular formula but diff. structures regulating in diff. properties

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19
Q

Name two isomers

A

Alpha and beta glucose

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20
Q

What is a glycosidic bond

A

When two hydroxyl OH groups on diff saccharides interact forming disaccharides and polysaccharides
Formed by condensation

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21
Q

what is the result of benedicts test when postive

A

form a coloured precipitate-solid particles suspended in the solution
green-yellow-orange-brick red

22
Q

what are all carbohydrates made up of

A

C, H and O

23
Q

how to test for non-reducing sugars

A

only test the solution which did not show a positive result as reducing sugar

needed to break down into monosaccharides by getting a sample and adding dilute HCl acid and heat using a water bath. then use sodium hydrogencarbonate to neutralise.

24
Q

what is starch made up of ( plant glucose)

A

a mixture of two polysaccharides of alpha glucose= amylose and amylopectin

(plants store excess glucose as starch)

25
Q

what is the structure of amylose

A

long, unbranched chain of a-glucose
coiled structure due to angle of glycosidic bonds which makes it compact so good for storage

26
Q

what is the structure of amylopectin

A

long, branched chain of a-glucose
side branches allow enzymes to get to the glycosidic bond easily so glucose can be released quickly

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

27
Q

is starch soluble or insoluble

A

insoluble in water and doesnt affect water potential- water wont enter cells by osmosis so good for storage

28
Q

what bond helps to stabilize and hold the amylose in its helical shape

A

hydrogen bonds

29
Q

what is the structure of glycogen ( animal glucose)

A

same as amylopectin but with shorter chains and highly branched

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

30
Q

why does glycogen have loads of branches

A

stored glucose can be released quickly which is important for animals

31
Q

what is the structure of cellulose

A

long, unbranched chains of beta- glucose
when b-glucose molecules bond, they form straight cellulose chains which the chains are linked by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils

32
Q

what is the test for starch

A

iodine test- if present changes from browny orange to a dark, blue-black colour

33
Q

what is triglycerides made up of

A

one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids

34
Q

why is triglyceride insoluble in water

A

the hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic

35
Q

what are the two types of fatty acids

A

saturated- no double bonds between carbons
unsaturated- at least one double bond between carbons

36
Q

what bond is formed by condensation reaction between fatty acid and glycerol

A

ester bond- releases water

37
Q

where are phospholipids found

A

cell membrane

38
Q

what is a phospholipid made up of

A

one glycerol, two fatty acids and one phosphate group( hydrophilic)

39
Q

why is triglyceride good for energy storage

A

hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids contain lots of chemical energy which can be released when broken dwon

40
Q

why does triglyceride not affect water potential

A

insoluble-triglycerides bundle together as droplets since tails are hydrophobic - so all tails face inwards

41
Q

what does the phospholipid make up in cell membranes

A

phospholipid bilayer in cell membranes

42
Q

why does phospholipids form a double layer

A

heads are hydrophilic and their tails are hydrophobic- centre is hydrophobic so water soluble substances cannot easily pass

43
Q

what is the test for lipids

A

shake substance with ethanol and then pour into wtaer
lipid will show up as milky emulsion

44
Q

whats the general structure of amino acid

A

a carboxyl group(COOH), an amino group(NH2), an R group attached to carbon atom

45
Q

what bond is formed between amino acids

A

peptide bonds- by condensation reaction

46
Q

what is the primary structure of amino acids

A

the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

47
Q

what is the secondary structure of amino acids

A

H bonds makes the chains either coil into an alpha helix or fold into beta pleated sheet

48
Q

what is the tertiary structure of amino acids

A

almost like a big tangled up spring- coiled or folded chain is further coiled or folded.
forms H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges( form when two cysteine molecules come close- covalently bonded)

49
Q

what is the quaternary structure of amino acids

A

some proteins are made of several different polypeptide chains held by bonds.
the way these polypeptide chains are assembled together

50
Q

what is the test for proteins

A

biuret test- solution must be alkaline so add drops of sodium hydroxide solution and then add some copper (II) sulfate solution
if present turns from blue to purple

51
Q

are phospholipids and triglycerides polymers

A

no they are not made from repeating units
they are macromolecules

Biology (6 decks)

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