Biological molecules Flashcards
What is a human made of in terms of mass?
62% water, 16% protein, 16% fat, 1% carbohydrate, 6% calcium and phosphorus
What are Carbohydrates?
Substances that include sugar, starch, and cellulose; they contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Define sugars and glucose
Sugars: carbs that have relatively small molecules; they are soluble in water and taste sweet
glucose: a sugar that is used in respiration to release energy, atoms are arranged to form a hexagon shape. its the way that carbs are transported around the body, it dissolved into blood plasma. C6 H12 O6
What does the liver do
Help keep the concentration of glucose in the blood constant. if there is too much glucose in the blood, the liver links glucose molecules to make glycogen. glycogen is stored in the liver and be broken down to form glucose again when needed
how are starch molecules different from cellulose molecules
starch molecules have glucose molecules linked into a coiling spiral shape, while cellulose molecules’s glucose molecules are linked in straight line
How do you detect the presence of starch, and most sugars?
starch: iodine solution it’s a solution of iodine in potassium iodine; it is an oragne-brown and turns blue-black when mixed with starch.
most sugars: Benedict solution. a blue liquid that turns blue-red when heated with reducing sugar. it becomes green and yellow before turning orange-red
define fat, lipids, and oil
lipids: substances containig carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are insoluble in water and used as an energy store in organisms. contains less oxygen than carbs
fats: lipids that are solid at room temp. a fat molecule is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids molecules
oil: lipids that are liquid at room temp
how to detect the prescense of fat in food
ethanol emulsion test: shake the food in ethanol do allow any fats to dissolve in it. pour the ethanol into a clean tube containing water. if there is any bads, the form tiny droplets in the water, giving it a milky appearance. a liquid containing two substances that do not mix and have one forming tiny droplets in another is called emulsion
what is protein
a substance containing oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. sometimes a lil sulfur. made if a long chain of amino acids linked togetehr
what is an antibody and pathogen
antibody: molecules excreted by white blood cells to bind to pathogens and help destroy them
pathogens: microorganisms that cause disease, such as bacteria
what Is haemoglobin and keratin
haemaglobin : the red pigment that transports oxygen through mammalian blood
keratin: the protein that forms hair
how do we test for protein?
bieret reugent; a substance that turns from blue to purple when mixed with amino acids or protein
what is dna
DNA is the material that makes up our genes and chromosomes. it gives our cells the code that it needs to create proteins, it has the information of what order of amino acids to use. the sequence of the bases in the DNA molecule determines the sequence of the amino acids in proteins.
what is a nucleotide, base, and a complimentary base pairing
nucleoitide: molecules that are formed togeter to form a DNA molecule. all contain one base. a DNA molecule containes 2 chains of nucleoitoids coiled around eachother to form a double helix
base:one of the compontents of the DNA (a, c, g ,t ). their sequince determines the proteins made in a cell
complimentary base pairing; the way in which the bases of 2 strands of DNA always form in a specific pair. a with t and g with c.
what is an amino acid
substance containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. 20 types
