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biology aqa a-level > Biological molecules > Flashcards

Biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Monomer

A

the smaller units of which larger units are made

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2
Q

Polymer

A

Molecules made from a large number of molecules joined together

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3
Q

Examples of monomers

A

monsaccharides ,amino acids,nucleotides

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4
Q

Polymer examples

A

polysaccharides,polypeptide/proteins, DNA

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5
Q

Condensation reaction

A

A condensation reaction joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water.

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6
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

A hydrolysis reaction breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule. (adding water)

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7
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Monosaccharides are the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made.

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8
Q

common monosaccharides

A

Glucose,fructose and galactose.

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9
Q

What forms during a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides?

A

A glycosidic bond.

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10
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

By the condensation of two monosaccharides

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11
Q

what disaccharide does the condensation of two glucose molecules form?

A

maltose

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12
Q

what disaccharide does the condensation of one glucose and one fructose molecules form?

A

sucrose

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13
Q

what disaccharide does the condensation of one glucose and one galactose molecules form?

A

lactose

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14
Q

what is an isomer?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structure.

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15
Q

what are the isomers of glucose?

A

Alpha and beta

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16
Q

The difference between reducing and non-reducing sugars

A

Reducing sugars can donate electrons

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17
Q

what are the two groups of lipid?

A

triglycerides and phospholipids

18
Q

how are triglycerides formed?

A

The condensation of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecule.

19
Q

how are phospholipids formed?

A

The condesnation of 1 glycerol molecule,2 fatty acid molecule and 1 phosphate-containing group molecule.

20
Q

A condensation reaction between glycerol and a fatty acid (RCOOH) forms an _______ bond.

A

A condensation reaction between glycerol and a fatty acid (RCOOH) forms an ESTER bond.

21
Q

the R-group of a fatty acid may be __________ or un__________.

A

the R-group of a fatty acid may be SATURATED or UNSATURATED.

22
Q

The difference between unsaturated fatty acids and saturated.

A

unsaturated contain at least one double bond between carbons in the fatty chain. (saturated= single bonds only)

23
Q

Properties of lipids?

A

-contain hydrogen,carbon and oxygen.
-proportion of carbon to oxygen and hydrogen much less than in carbohydrates.
-Insoluble in water
-soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and acetone.

24
Q

roles of lipids?

A

-contribute to flexibility of cell membranes
-source of energy
-waterproofing
-insulation
-protection

25
Q

properties of triglycerides

A

-excellent source of energy because of high ratio of energy-storing carbon-hydrogen bonds
-good storage, low mass to energy ratio, lots of energy stored in a small volume.
-large non-polar molecules, so are insoluble in water so storage doesn’t affect osmosis or water potential of cells.
-high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms means water released when oxidised, important source of water especially for animals in the desert.

26
Q

structure of a phsopholipid

A

-charge hydrophilic head (phosphate molecules) attract water
-non-polar hydrophobic tails (fatty acid molecule repel water).

27
Q

phospholipids are the main components of cell __________.

A

phosopholipids are the main components of CELL MEMBRANES.

28
Q

Phospholipids are amphipathic (contain hydrophilic and hyrophobic parts) so form __________.

A

Bilayers

29
Q

Water soluble substances can’t easily pass through phospholipid bilayer due to the _________ middle.

A

Water soluble substances can’t easily pass through phospholipid bilayer due to the HYDROPHOBIC middle

30
Q

How do you test for the presence of lipids?

A

the emulsion test

31
Q

How do you carry out the emulsion test?

A

1) add ethanol to sample and shake for 1 min
2) positive result= white/ milky emulsion

32
Q

polysaccharides are formed from the condensation of many _________ units.

A

glucose

33
Q

the condensation of what type of glucose forms starch?

A

alpha glucose

34
Q

the condensation of what type of glucose forms glycogen?

A

alpha glucose

35
Q

the condensation of what type of glucose forms cellulose?

A

beta-glucose

36
Q

what is the structure of starch?

A

Mixture of two polysaccharides of alpha-glucose,called amylose and amlyopectin.

amylose-long unbranched chain of a-glucose. The angles of the glycosidic bond gives a coiled structure.

amylopectin-long branched chain of a-glucose.

37
Q

function of starch?

A

Plants store excess glucose as starts, when plants require more energy they can breakdown starch to release glucose.

Amylose-unbranched coiled chain of a-glucose that is one of the two polysaccharide s that make up starch is very compacted due to coiled structure so is great for storage, more can fit in one space.

Amylopectin-the second polysaccharide making up starch. Is a long branched chain of a-glucose , the branches allow enzymes that break down the molecule to get at the glycosidic bonds more easily meaning energy can be released more quickly.

38
Q

structure of glycogen?

A

Polysaccharide of a-glucose, long chain with lots of branches coming off it.

39
Q

function of glycogen?

A

used in animals to store excess glucose. Very compact so good for storage as more can be fit into one space. Lots of branches mean glucose stored can be released quickly good for energy release in animals.

40
Q

cellulose structure

A

made of long unbranched polysaccharide of beta-glucose, When beta-glucose molecules bind the form straught cellulose chains. The straight celluslose chains linked together by hydrogen bonds forming microfibrils.

41
Q

function

A

structural support of cells. The cellulose chains (made of bonded b-glucose), bond together forming strong fibres called microfibrils these fibrils provide structural support.

biology aqa a-level (2 decks)

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