Cells Flashcards
What organelles does an animal cell have?
cell surface membrane (plasma membrane), cytoplasm,nucleus,nucleolus, nuclear envelope,ribosome,rough & endoplasmic reticulum,golgi apparatus and vesicles, mitochondrion, lysosomes.
What organelles does a plant cell have?
cell surface membrane (plasma membrane), cytoplasm,nucleus,nucleolus, nuclear envelope,ribosome,rough & endoplasmic reticulum,golgi apparatus and vesicles, mitochondrion, cellulose cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole, plasmodesmata.
What organelles does an algal cell have?
cell surface membrane (plasma membrane), cytoplasm,nucleus,nucleolus, nuclear envelope,ribosome,rough & endoplasmic reticulum,golgi apparatus and vesicles, mitochondrion, cellulose cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole. The chloroplast in an algal cell can be different size and shape to those in a plant cell, some may even have just one big chloroplast.
What organelles does a fungal cell have?
cell surface membrane (plasma membrane), cytoplasm,nucleus,nucleolus, nuclear envelope,ribosome,rough & endoplasmic reticulum,golgi apparatus and vesicles, mitochondrion, chitin cell wall, NO CHLOROPLAST does not photosythesise!!
Nucleus
Large organelle, surrounded by nuclear envelope. Controls the activity of the cell and contains chromosomes (which consist of protein bound linear DNA) . Contains 1 or more nucleolus.
Mitochondrion
Usually oval shaped, have a double membrane of which the inner folds to form cristae, inside is the matrix which contains enzymes for respiration. Is the site of aerobic respiration which produces ATP, a common energy source in cells. Found in large number in cells that require a lot of energy/ are very active.
Chloroplast
Small and flattened organelles, found in plant and algal cells. Have a double membrane as well as membrane inside call thylakoid membranes which stack up to form grana which are linked by lamellae. Where photosythesis takes place.
Golgi apparatus
Fluid filled membrane bound flattened sacs, Golgi vesicles often found at edges of the sacs. Processes and packages new lipids and proteins and also makes lysosomes.
Golgi vesicle
Small fluid filled sacs in the cytoplasm surrounded by the membrane produced by Golgi apparatus. Stores lipid and proteins and transports them out the cell.
Lysosome
small surrounded by membrane, with no clear internal structure. Contains hydrolytic enzymes, separated from the cytoplasm by the membrane. This means they can ingest invading cell/chemicals and break down worn out cell components.
Ribosomes
very small, free in cytoplasm or attached to Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER). Made up of proteins and RNA. Site of protein synthesis.
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
system of membranes enclosing fluid-filled space. Surface covered in ribosomes. Folds and processes Proteins that have been made in the ribosomes.
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum (system of membranes enclosing fluid filled space), but no ribosomes on the surface. Synthesises and processes lipids.
cell wall
Rigid, surrounds cell in plants, algae and fungi. Made of cellulose in algae and Plants but of chitin in fungi. Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape.
cell vacuole
membrane bound organelle in cytoplasm, contains sell sap (weak solution of sugar and salts). The membrane of the vacuole is called the tonoplast. Maintains pressure within the cell and stops plant from wilting. Involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals in the cell.
In complex multicellular organisms, eukaryotic cells become specialised for specific______________.
In complex multicellular organisms, eukaryotic cells become specialised for specific FUNCTIONS.
Specialised cells are organised into ________, __________ into ________ and ________ into _________ systems.
specialised cells are organised into TISSUES, TISSUES into ORGANS and ORGANS into ORGAN systems.
How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic?
They are smaller, don’t have membrane bound organelles in the cytoplasm,no nucleus instead a single circular DNA loop that is free in the cytoplasm not associated with any proteins (histones), a cell wall containing murein (glycoprotein),smaller ribosomes 70s instead of 80s,no chloroplasts, some have one or more plasmids, a capsule and one or more flagella.
function of a capsule in a bacteria cell
protect bacterium from other cells helps group bacteria together to stick together for further protection.
functions of plasmids in bacterial cells
can be exchanged between bacteria, processes genes that aid survival of bacteria in adverse conditions e.g produce enzymes that produce antibiotics.
Viruses are _______ and non-living particles.
Viruses are ACELLULAR and non-living.
Viruses are _______ than bacteria.
And have no cytoplasm, ribosomes or surface ________.
viruses are smaller than bacteria (20-300nm).And have no cytoplasm, ribosomes or surface membrane .