ATP, Water and inorganic ions. (p1) Flashcards
ATP name
adenosine triphosphate
ATP= immediate source of energy in cell. (expand)
1) plant and animal cell release energy through respiration
2) can’t get energy directly from glucose
3)energy released from glucose used to make ATP
4)once made ATP diffuses to the part of the cell that needs energy.
where is energy stored in ATP?
stored in high energy bonds between phosphate groups. released via hydrolysis reaction.
structure of ATP
adenine, a ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups. (known as a nucleotide derivative- modified form of nucleotide).
ATP is quickly made and used (expand)
1) energy needed by cell ATP broken down into ADP and Pi.
2) this =hydrolysis reaction. Phosphate bond broken enrgy is released. Catalysed by ATP hydrolase.
3)ATP hyrdrolysis can be coupled to other energy-requiring reactions in cell-energy can be used directly to make other reaction happen rather than being lost as heat.
4)released inorganic phosphate can be added to another compound (phosphorylation) to make it more reactive
5)ATP can be re-synthesised in a condensation reaction between ADP and Pi. Happens in respiration and photosynthesis and catalysed by enzyme ATP synthase.
ADP
adenosine diphosphate
Pi
inorganic phosphate
the hydrolysis of ATP is catalysed by
ATP hydrolase
the condensation of ADP and Pi is catalysed by
ATP synthase
properties of ATP
- releases relatively small amounts of energy-little is lost as heat (reduces danger of thermal death of cells)
2.releases energy instantaneously (readily available)
3.phosphorylates other compounds making them more reactive.
4.can be rapidly re-synthesised
5.does not leave cells
water is a major component of all ____________.
water is a major component of all cells.
polarity of water
-shared electrons are pulled towards oxygen giving it a slightly negative charge
-this leaves hydrogen with a slightly positive charge.
- this means that water has both positive and negative poles so is a dipole molecule
hydrogen bonds in water
hydrogen bonds form between water molecules.
as slighlty negatively charged oxygen atoms attract slightly positive hydrogen atoms of other molecules .
water has lots of important functions inside and outside the cell/ is vital to all living organisms (expand)
1) is a metabolite in lots of metabolic reaction- including condensation and hydrolysis reactions
2) is a solvent so some substances dissolve in it Most metabolic reaction occur in solution e.g cytoplasm
3) helps temp control because of high latent heat of vapourisation and high specific heat capacity.
4) water molecules=very cohesive helps water transport in plants.
water molecules have a simple structure
1) molecule of water=one atom of oxygen joining to 2 atoms of hydrogenb y shared electons.
2)shared negative hydrogen elcetrons pulled towards oxygen atom hhydrogen left with slight posotive charge.
3)unshared neg electrons on oxygen atom give slight neg charge
4) water is polar
5)slightly negatively-charge oxygen atoms attract slightly postively charge hydrogen atom of other water molecules
6) this attraction is hydrogen bonding
Water is an important metabolite (Expand)
1) many metabolic reactions involved hydrolysis and condensation reactions
2)hyrdolysis= molecules of water needed to break bond. condenstaion= relases molecule as new bond formed.
e.g amino acids joined to make polypeptides by cndensation. Energy from ATP relased through hydrolysis.
water has high latent heat of vaporisation (expand)
1)lots of enrgy to break hydrgen bonds between water molecules
2)so water has high latent heat of vaporisation- lots energy used up when water evaporates
3)useful for living organisms as can us ewater loss through evaporation to cool down e.g sweat without losing too much water
water can buffer changes in temp
1) hydrogen bonds between water molecules absorb lots of energy
2)so water has high shc
3)useful for living organisms as water doesn’t experience rapid temp changes.
make water a good habitat underwater liekly to be more stable than land
water inside organism remains fairly stable temp help maintain constant internal body temperature
water is a good solvent (expand)
1) lots of substances in metabolic reactions = ionic e.g salt. so made from one pos charged atom/molecule and one neg charged
2)water= polar so pos end of water molecule attracted to neg ion and neg end of water polecule attracted to pos ion.
3)ions get totall surround bu water molecules/ they dissolve
4) water’s polarity makes it a good solvent.
there’s strong cohesion between water molecules
1) cohesion = attraction between mlecules of the same type
water molecules very cohesive as they are polar
2)strong cohesion helps water flow making it great transporting substance. e.g its how water travels in columns up the xykem in plants.
3)strong cohesion means water has high surface tension when comes in contact with air. why sweat forms droplets which evapourates from the skin to cool organism down. also why pond skater and other insects can walk on pond surface.
Inorganic ions occur in solution in the __________ and body fluids of
organisms.
Inorganic ions occur in solution in the cytoplasm and body fluids of
organisms, some in high concentrations and others in very low
concentrations. depending on the ions role.
Each type of ion has a specific role, depending on its ___________.
Each type of ion has a specific role, depending on its properties.
some ions are found in high concentrations and others in very low concentrations this is determined by the ion’s _______.
some ions are found in high concentrations and others in very low concentrations this is determined by the ion’s role.
an ion is an atom that has an electric ________.
an ion is an atom that has an electric charge.
cation
ion with pos charge
anion
ion with neg charge
an inorganic ion is one which doesn’t contain _____________.
an inorganic ion is one which doesn’t contain carbon.
iron ions (Fe2+)
-important part of haemoglobin
-haemoglobin=large protein that carries oxygen around the body. in red blood cells
-made of 4 polypeptide chains, each with an iron ion (Fe2+) in center.
-Fe2+ binds to the oxygen in haemoglobin.
-when oxygen is bound, Fe2+ ion becomes Fe3+ until oxygen released
hydrogen ions (H+)
-determine PH
-pH is calculated based on concertraion of hydrogen ions (H+) in the environment.
-more H+ present=lower pH (more acidic)
-enzyme-controlled reactions all affected by pH
sodium ions (Na+)
-help transport amino acids and glucose across membranes
-glucose an amino acids need help crossing cell membranse
-molecule of glucose or amino acid can be transported into cell alongside sodium ion (Na+).
-known as co-transport
phosphate ions
-essential compoinent of DNA and ATP
-When phosphat ion (PO4(3-)) attached to another molecule is known as a phosphate group.
-DNA,RNA and ATP all contain phosphate groups..
-It is the bonds between phosphate groups that store energy in ATP.
- phosphate group in DNA and RNA allow nucleotides to join and form polynucleotides.
