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A - Level Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Monomer?

A

-A small molecule which usually joins up with others to form larger molecules.

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2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

-A large molecule consisting of many monomers

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3
Q

what is a Monosaccharide?

A

A single carbohydrate monomer.

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4
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

2 carbohydrate monomers joined together.

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5
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

A chain of monosaccharides.

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6
Q

what is Condensation?

A

A reaction during which water is removed when a bond forms.

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7
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

A reaction during which water is added in order to break a bond.

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8
Q

what are examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose and galactose.

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9
Q

what are isomers?

A

molecules with the same molecular formula as each other, but with the atoms connected in a different way.

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10
Q

how are monosaccharides joined together?

A

they are joined together by condensation reactions. a glycosidic bond forms between the two monosaccharides as a molecule of water is released.

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11
Q

what is the theory of evolution?

A

the theory that all organisms on earth are descended from one or a few common ancestors and that they have changed and diversified over time.

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12
Q

how can biological polymers be broken down into monomers?

A

by hydrolysis reactions. A hydrolysis reaction breaks the chemical bond between monomers using s water molecule. (opposite of condensation reaction).

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13
Q

what is the role of carbohydrates?

A

1) Energy supply for cells- Main role of carbohydrates.
2) Energy storage - Sugar can be stored as complex carbohydrates e.g. starch/ glycogen.
3) Structural components - Cellulose + chitin are used in cell walls.
4) Cellular recognition - Glycoproteins help cells identify each other + communicate.
5) Building blocks for biological molecules - Deoxyribose + ribose can be used to make nucleic acids.

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14
Q

What are the different types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides.

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15
Q

Describe a Monosaccharide.

A
  • One (Monomer)
  • E.g. Glucose, Fructose and galactose.
  • Main function is energy source.
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16
Q

describe a Disaccharide.

A
  • Two(Dimer)
  • E.g Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose.
  • Main function is a transport form.
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17
Q

Describe a Polysaccharide.

A

-Many (polymer)
-E.g Starch, Glycogen,Cellulose.
- Main function is a storage form.

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18
Q

name three hexose sugars. (6 carbon atoms)

A
  • Glucose, Fructose and galactose.
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19
Q

name two pentose sugars. (5 carbon atoms)

A
  • Ribose and Deoxyribose.
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20
Q

what is the general formula for a carbohydrate?

21
Q

wha tis the formula for glucose?

22
Q

how many ways can the atoms in glucose be arranged?

A

two ways meaning that there are two isomers of glucose
- Alpha glucose (α-glucose)
-Beta glucose (β-glucose)

23
Q

what is the main difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A
  • The orientation of the hydroxyl group (OH) on the carbon 1
  • in Alpha glucose the hydroxyl group is below and in beta glucose the hydroxyl group is above.
24
Q

What is the use for glucose?

A

1) ** it is soluble** as the hydroxyl groups can form hydrogen bonds with the water, so it can be transported around organisms.
2)its bonds store lots of energy - this energy is released when the bonds are broken.

25
how are disaccharide formed?
- when two monosaccharides join together. eg maltose, sucrose and lactose.
26
what monosaccharides join to form common disaccharide?
- Two alpha glucose monosaccharides join together to form maltose. - one alpha glucose and one fructose monosaccharide join together to form sucrose. - one alpha glucose and one galactose monosaccharide joins together for form lactose.
27
What reactions used to form and break disaccharide?
- A condensation reaction to form the disaccharide and a hydrolysis reaction to break down the disaccharide. These involve the formation or breakdown of glycosidic bonds.
28
give an example of a condensation reaction with two alpha glucose?
Glucose + Glucose = maltose +water - When two monosaccharides join, the hydroxyl group (OH) on carbon 1 of one monosaccharide reacts with the hydroxyl group (OH) on carbon 4 of another monosaccharide. - A 1-4 glycosidic bond is formed and a water molecule (H2O) is released.
29
give an example of a Hydrolysis reaction with two alpha glucose?
Maltose + water = glucose + glucose - When a water molecule (H2O) is added to a disaccharide, the glycosidic bond is broken to release the 2 monosaccharides.
30
what are the three stages on a rate of reaction graph?
1) initially lots of substrate and empty active sites. - Many E-S complexes can form -reaction starts off fast. 2) less substrate + more product. - more difficult for E-S complexes to form. -Reaction slows. 3) No more substrate - No E-S complex -Reaciton stops
31
what is the equation for mean rate of reaction?
Products formed/Time taken for products to be formed
32
how to you work ut the gradient of a tangent?
change in Y/Change in X
33
what is the function of 'protein catalysts?'
Something that increases reaction rate without being used up.
34
what is an example of a catabolic reaction?
Maltose + Water =(Maltase)= a-glucose + a-glucose
35
what is a catabolic reaction?
A breaking down reaction.
36
how does an enzyme work?
- By forming an 'Enzyme-Substrate complex' which strains bonds, lowering the activation energy ( Energy needed to break snd from now bonds).
37
what is a anabolic reaction?
A building up reaction.
38
What is an example of an Anabolic reaction?
ADP(adenosine diphosphate) + phosphate = (App synthase)= ATP +Water
39
what is the A-Level description of'Induced fit model'?
1. Before the reaction enzyme active site is NOT complementary to the substrate. 2. Shape of active site changes as E-S complex forms. 3. This dresses bonds or brings substrates closer together. 4. Lowering the activation energy.
40
What are four things Proteins are used for?
1) Structural- collagen(connective tissue), Keratin(hair, nails and horns) 2) Signalling- Hormones(insulin and FSH-Matures egg) 3) Catalyst- Enzymes that speeds up reactions. 4)Transport- Haemoglobin transports oxygen.
41
What is the structure for Proteins?
Animo acids, Dipeptides, Polypeptides.
42
What is the Amino groups structure?
H-N-H
43
What is the carboxylic group?
O=C-OH
44
How many different amino acids are their
20 different ones but they all have the same 'general structure'
45
features of glycogen
-its a polysaccharide of many a-glucose joined by a condensation reaction to form glycosidic bonds. -its an energy store in the from of granules in cytoplasm. -it has 1,4 glycosidic bonds and many 1,6 glycosidic bonds compared to starch.
46
features of starch?
- energy store found in the form of grains. - a polysaccharide of a- glucose joined together by a condensation reaction to form glycosidic bonds. - includes 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds.
47
describe the structure of starch and glycogen.
1) its large meaning they won't diffuse through cells 2) insoluble meaning it is somatically inactive 3) a- helix shape meaning the energy store is compact 4) branched- rapid release of a-glucose when needed
48
features of cellulose
- a polysaccharide of Many B-glucose joined together to form a condensation reaction and form 1,4 glycosidic bonds -every other B-glucose is inverted. - cellulose is used to make new cell walls.
49
describe the structure of cellulose
1) Made from B-glucose meaning it allows long straight chains to form. 2) parallel chains from hydrogen hydrogen bonds 'cross links' 3)cellulose can from microfibrils which join to form fibre. this adds to strength.

A - Level Biology (7 decks)

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