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Biology A Level - Paper 1 > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe carbohydrates

A

Used by cells for respiration and as structural components in membranes and cell walls, storage (starch and glycogen)

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2
Q

Describe lipids

A

Used for respiration, the bilayer of plasma membranes, some hormones

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3
Q

Describe proteins

A

Used for many cell structures, enzymes, chemical messengers, transport and components of the blood

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4
Q

Describe water

A

Solvent found as the major component of all cells

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5
Q

Describe nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

A

Carry the genetic code for the production of proteins, RNA part of ribosome structure

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6
Q

Describe vitamins and minerals

A

Required for a range enzyme functions

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7
Q

Define polymer

A

Long chain molecules made up of large numbers of repeating units linked together

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8
Q

Give examples of polymers

A

Starch
Proteins
DNA

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9
Q

Define monomer

A

One of the molecules linked together in the chain to form a polymer

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10
Q

Give examples of monomers

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Nucleotides

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11
Q

What is made when 2 monomers are linked together?

A

A dimer

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12
Q

What is made when 3 monomers are linked together?

A

A trimer

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13
Q

Describe a condensation reaction

A

Whenever 2 biological molecules are joined together water is produced
This is a condensation reaction

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14
Q

Give the equation that produces maltose (formation of a dimer)

A

Alpha glucose + alpha glucose -> maltose + water

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 -> C12H22O11 + H2O

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15
Q

Give the general word equation that produces a dipeptide

A

Amino acid + amino acid -> dipeptide + water

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16
Q

Give the equation that produces a dinucleotide

A

Nucleotide + nucleotide -> dinucleotide + water

17
Q

Describe hydrolysis reaction

A

Biological polymers ( and dimers, trimers etc) can all be separated into monomers by adding water to break the bonds
Requires a catalyst (an enzyme)

18
Q

Give an example of a hydrolysis reaction

A

Maltose is hydrolysed to produce 2 glucoses

C12H22O11 + H2O -> 2C6H12O6

19
Q

Where in the human body does hydrolysis take place

A

Digestive system

20
Q

Where in the human body does concentration reaction take place

A

Ribosomes
Nucleus

21
Q

What are the monomers used to make DNA?

A

Nucleotides

22
Q

What type of reaction is used in the formation of a protein from amino acids?

A

Condensation

23
Q

What type of reaction is used in the production of glucose from starch

A

Hydrolysis

24
Q

What type of reaction is used in the formation of DNA from nucleotides

A

Condensation

25
Q

What type of reaction is used in the production of amino acids from proteins?

A

Hydrolysis

26
Q

Describe the primary protein structure

A

Is a sequence of a chain of amino acids

27
Q

What is glycogen

A

Alpha glucose monomers

28
Q

What do carbohydrates contain?

A

Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen

29
Q

What are the types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

30
Q

Give examples of monosaccharide

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

31
Q

Give examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

32
Q

Give examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

33
Q

Explain how polysaccharides are formed

A

Condensation reactions form dimers called disaccharides
Disaccharides link to form polysaccharides

34
Q

Describe monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars
Names all end in ose
General formula = Cn(H2O)
Include: trioses (3 carbon atoms)
Pentoses (5 carbon atoms e.g
Ribose
Hexoses (6 carbon atoms e.g
Glucose, fructose, galactose)

35
Q

How is a glycosidic bond formed?

A

2 Alpha glucose molecules may be linked by a condensation reaction to form maltose

Biology A Level - Paper 1 (2 decks)

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