biological molecules

Question 1

how many bonds does carbon form?

Answer 1

4 bonds

Question 2

what does every organism have the same of what?

Answer 2

biochemical basis of life

Question 3

carbon can act as a foundation for what type of molecule?

Answer 3

organic

Question 4

what is the definition of an organic molecule?

Answer 4

a molecule that contains carbon

Question 5

what is the definition of an inorganic molecule?

Answer 5

a molecule that doesn’t contains carbon but contains other ions/other elements

Question 6

what are the 4 main type of an biological molecule?

Answer 6

1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleic acid

Question 7

what are the biological molecules also known as and why?

Answer 7

macromolecules
as they have very large numbers of atoms

Question 8

what do carbohydrates contain?

Answer 8

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

Question 9

what do lipids contain?

Answer 9

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

Question 10

what do proteins contain?

Answer 10

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
sulphur (sometimes)

Question 11

what do nucleic acid contain?

Answer 11

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphrous

Question 12

what is the definition of an monomer?

Answer 12

small units which make up a larger molecule (a polymer)

Question 13

what is the definition of an polymer?

Answer 13

a long chain of monomers in a repeating pattern that are bonded together

Question 14

what is the monomer and polymer of a carbohydrate?

Answer 14

monomer- monosaccharide
polymer- disaccaharide or polysaccharide

Question 15

what bond does it make between 2 monosaccharide?

Answer 15

glycosidic bond ( a type of covalent bond)

Question 16

what is a carbohydrate?

Answer 16

• a respiratory substance which provides energy in cells
• can be used for the structure in cell membranes and cell walls

Question 17

what is the monomer and polymer of a protein?

Answer 17

monomer- amino acid
polymer- polypeptide

Question 18

what is the monomer and polymer of a nucleic acid?

Answer 18

monomer- nucleotide
polymer- polynucleotide

Question 19

why aren’t lipids a polymer?

Answer 19

as they do not have monomers

Question 20

what are lipids made up of instead?

Answer 20

different base units joined together in a non repeating pattern

Question 21

what are the two type of metabolic reactions?

Answer 21

condensation reaction
hydrolysis reaction

Question 22

what is a condensation reaction?

Answer 22

A condensation reaction joins two monomers together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water

Question 23

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 23

A hydrolysis reaction breaks a chemical bond between two monomers and involves the use of a water molecule.

Question 24

in a hydrolysis reaction why is water required?

Answer 24

by introducing a hydroxyl group it will break chemical bonds within the polymer to form individual monomers

Question 25

name the types of sugars

Answer 25

alpha glucose, beta glucose, fructose, sucrose, galactose, maltose

Question 26

what is a monosaccharide?

Answer 26

monosaccharides are the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made

Question 27

what are the monosaccharides?

Answer 27

alpha glucose, beta glucose, galactose and fructose

Question 28

what is a disaccharide?

Answer 28

disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides

Question 29

how is a disaccharide formed?

Answer 29

by a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides forming a glycosidic bond.

Question 30

what are the diasaccharides?

Answer 30

sucrose, lactose and maltose

Question 31

what is the definition of an isomer?

Answer 31

where two/more compounds have the same formulae but have a different arrangement of atoms so they have different properties

Question 32

what is an example of an isomer?

Answer 32

alpha and beta glucose

Question 33

where is the hydroxyl group located in alpha glucose?

Answer 33

below

Question 34

what is the function of alpha glucose?

Answer 34

join together to form starch and glycogen

Question 35

where the hydroxyl group located in beta glucose?

Answer 35

above

Question 36

what is the function of beta glucose?

Answer 36

join together to form cellulose

Question 37

what is the function of fructose?

Answer 37

found in fruit and acts as an energy source for sperm

Question 38

what is the function for galactose?

Answer 38

used for energy production and is a reactant for respiration

Question 39

what two monosaccharides join together to form lactose? what is its function?

Answer 39

condensation reaction between glucose and galactose --> in dairy products and is a source of energy for infants

Question 40

what two monosaccharides join together to form maltose? what is its function?

Answer 40

condensation reaction between glucose and glucose -->energy production for germinating seeds

Question 41

what two monosaccharides join together to form sucrose? what is it's function?

Answer 41

condensation reaction between glucose and fructose --> in table sugar and is easier way to transport monosaccharides in a plant

Question 42

which sugar is a non reducing sugar?

Answer 42

sucrose

Question 43

what is starch made of?

Answer 43

amylose and amylopectin

Question 44

what are some properties of starch?

Answer 44

- insoluble - doesn't affect water potential - made of alpha glucose - storage carbohydrate for plants

Question 45

what are properties of amylose?

Answer 45

- consists of 1-4 glycosidic bonds - unbranched and straight chains - coiled (helix structure)

Question 46

why is amylose unbranched?

Answer 46

due to the hydrogen bonds making the structure coiled to make it compact to be stored in smaller places

Question 47

what are the properties of amylopectin?

Answer 47

- consists of 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds - branched - hydrolised by amylase

Question 48

why is amylopectin branched?

Answer 48

- increases surface area - increase branch ends - for rapid hydrolysis of amylase - for a rapid release of glucose

Question 49

what are some properties of glycogen?

Answer 49

- insoluble - consists of 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds - made of of alpha glucose - a storage carbohydrate in mammals - similar to amylopectin but there are more branches

Question 50

why is there more branches in glycogen?

Answer 50

as glycogen is in higher demand for respiration so more branches is needed for hydrolysis for rapid release of glucose

Question 51

what are some properties of cellulose?

Answer 51

- made of beta glucose - consists of 1-4 glycosidic bonds - makes plant walls

Question 52

how does cellulose form microfibrils?

Answer 52

every second beta glucose is inverted so they can form hydrogen bonds to bundle cellulose molecules forming microfibrils.