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Biology Module 2 > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Draw a water molecule with dipoles

A
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2
Q

Define cohesion and adhesion

A

Cohesion: when water molecules bond together for easier transportation

Adhesion: when bonded water molecules spread out and attract to surfaces

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3
Q

What does hydrophilic and hydrophobic mean?

A

Hydrophilic: water loving

Hydrophobic: water hating

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4
Q

What type of sugar is glucose an example of?

A

Hexose monosaccaride

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5
Q

Why are carbohydrates important?

A

Energy store in molecules

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6
Q

What type of sugar is ribose and deoxiribose?

A

Pentose sugar

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7
Q

What are monosacharides?

A

Single reducing sugars used in cellular metabolism

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8
Q

Draw alpha and beta glucose and how do they differ?

A

Differ by the hydroxide group being on the different plain

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9
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

Bond between 2 glucose molecules either carbon 1,4 or carbon 1,6

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10
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction that produces water

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11
Q

How is galactose made?

A

Glucose and lactose

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12
Q

How is fructose made?

A

Glucose and sucrose

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13
Q

How is maltose made?

A

Glucose and glucose

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14
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A reaction that breaks glycosidic bonds by adding water

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15
Q

What 3 properties does starch have?

A

Branched free ends
Compact
Insoluble

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16
Q

What are reducing sugars?

A

Sugars that can lose electrons to reduce another molecule

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17
Q

What are reagent strips?

A

Colour coded charts that test for reducing sugars

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18
Q

What is transduction?

A

The process of using biological components to test for concentration of molecules

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19
Q

What is transmission and absorption?

A

Transmission: How much light can pass through

Absorption: how much light is absorbed

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20
Q

What are triglycerides made from?

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

21
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

Energy store and metabolic water stores

22
Q

Draw an esther bond

A

Carbon with a single bond to an oxygen and a double bond to another oxygen

( backwards r shape)

23
Q

What are phospholipids made from?

A

One phosphate group, one glycerol and 2 fatty acids

24
Q

Outline the repiration of lipids

A

Hydrolysis of esther bonds in triglycerides break down producing water and carbon dioxide used as energy

25
Q

What are the advantages of lipid storage?

A

Not water soluble
Don’t effect water potential
Compact

26
Q

Draw an RNA nucleotide

A

Pentose sugar joined to a base and 1 phosphate group

27
Q

Draw a nucleotide for ATP

A

Ribose sugar bonded to an adenine bass and 3 phosphate groups

28
Q

Where are bonds found on polynucleotide?

A

Between carbon 3 and 5

29
Q

What are the purines and how many carbon rings do they have?

A

A and G containing 2 carbon rings

30
Q

What are the pyridamines and how many carbon rings do they have?

A

T,U,C containing 1 carbon ring

31
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between A and T ?

A

2

32
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between G and C ?

A

3

33
Q

What must base pairings be?

A

Complementary

34
Q

Describe semi Conservative DNA replication

A

DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between strands. New free nucleotides attach to the complementary base pair. DNA polymerase joins bond together and forms 2 identical strands of DNA

35
Q

How was DNA replication proven to be semi Conservative?

A

With Stahls nitrogen experiment using N14 and N15

36
Q

What are 3 DNA bases called?

A

Triplet

37
Q

What are 3 RNA bases called?

A

Codon

38
Q

Describe transcription and translation

A

DNA helicase unzips bonds in DNA. 1 strand acts as a template. RNA polymerase bonds free RNA nucleotides to complementary base pairs untol stop codon is reached.

mRNA strand leaves through nuclear pore where it attaches to a ribosome where tRNA binds to amino acid chain until stop codon is reached

39
Q

What are the properties of tRNA?

A

Clover lead shape
Contains anticodons

40
Q

Dear the structure of a protein

A
41
Q

What bonds are found in amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

42
Q

What are the 4 structures of proteins?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary

43
Q

What shapes are found in the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Alpha helix or bets pleated sheets

44
Q

What 4 different bonds are found in the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Disulfide bridges
Hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions

45
Q

Outline the test for a protein

A

Add biuret solution to sample should go blue to purple

46
Q

Outline the test for a lipid

A

Add ethanol and water to sample and shake should go a cloudy white emulsion

47
Q

Outline the test for a reducing sugar

A

Add benedicts solution should go red to blue

48
Q

Outline the test for a non reducing sugar

A

Add benedicts solution and heat then add acid then alkali to neutralise should go red to blue

49
Q

Outline the test for starch

A

Add Iodine to solution should go blue black from orange

Biology Module 2 (5 decks)

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