Biological Molecules

Question 1

Draw a water molecule with dipoles

Question 2

Define cohesion and adhesion

Answer 2

Cohesion: when water molecules bond together for easier transportation

Adhesion: when bonded water molecules spread out and attract to surfaces

Question 3

What does hydrophilic and hydrophobic mean?

Answer 3

Hydrophilic: water loving

Hydrophobic: water hating

Question 4

What type of sugar is glucose an example of?

Answer 4

Hexose monosaccaride

Question 5

Why are carbohydrates important?

Answer 5

Energy store in molecules

Question 6

What type of sugar is ribose and deoxiribose?

Answer 6

Pentose sugar

Question 7

What are monosacharides?

Answer 7

Single reducing sugars used in cellular metabolism

Question 8

Draw alpha and beta glucose and how do they differ?

Answer 8

Differ by the hydroxide group being on the different plain

Question 9

What is a glycosidic bond?

Answer 9

Bond between 2 glucose molecules either carbon 1,4 or carbon 1,6

Question 10

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 10

A reaction that produces water

Question 11

How is galactose made?

Answer 11

Glucose and lactose

Question 12

How is fructose made?

Answer 12

Glucose and sucrose

Question 13

How is maltose made?

Answer 13

Glucose and glucose

Question 14

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 14

A reaction that breaks glycosidic bonds by adding water

Question 15

What 3 properties does starch have?

Answer 15

Branched free ends
Compact
Insoluble

Question 16

What are reducing sugars?

Answer 16

Sugars that can lose electrons to reduce another molecule

Question 17

What are reagent strips?

Answer 17

Colour coded charts that test for reducing sugars

Question 18

What is transduction?

Answer 18

The process of using biological components to test for concentration of molecules

Question 19

What is transmission and absorption?

Answer 19

Transmission: How much light can pass through

Absorption: how much light is absorbed

Question 20

What are triglycerides made from?

Answer 20

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 21

What are lipids used for?

Answer 21

Energy store and metabolic water stores

Question 22

Draw an esther bond

Answer 22

Carbon with a single bond to an oxygen and a double bond to another oxygen

( backwards r shape)

Question 23

What are phospholipids made from?

Answer 23

One phosphate group, one glycerol and 2 fatty acids

Question 24

Outline the repiration of lipids

Answer 24

Hydrolysis of esther bonds in triglycerides break down producing water and carbon dioxide used as energy

Question 25

What are the advantages of lipid storage?

Answer 25

Not water soluble Don't effect water potential Compact

Question 26

Draw an RNA nucleotide

Answer 26

Pentose sugar joined to a base and 1 phosphate group

Question 27

Draw a nucleotide for ATP

Answer 27

Ribose sugar bonded to an adenine bass and 3 phosphate groups

Question 28

Where are bonds found on polynucleotide?

Answer 28

Between carbon 3 and 5

Question 29

What are the purines and how many carbon rings do they have?

Answer 29

A and G containing 2 carbon rings

Question 30

What are the pyridamines and how many carbon rings do they have?

Answer 30

T,U,C containing 1 carbon ring

Question 31

How many hydrogen bonds are there between A and T ?

Answer 31

2

Question 32

How many hydrogen bonds are there between G and C ?

Answer 32

3

Question 33

What must base pairings be?

Answer 33

Complementary

Question 34

Describe semi Conservative DNA replication

Answer 34

DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between strands. New free nucleotides attach to the complementary base pair. DNA polymerase joins bond together and forms 2 identical strands of DNA

Question 35

How was DNA replication proven to be semi Conservative?

Answer 35

With Stahls nitrogen experiment using N14 and N15

Question 36

What are 3 DNA bases called?

Answer 36

Triplet

Question 37

What are 3 RNA bases called?

Answer 37

Codon

Question 38

Describe transcription and translation

Answer 38

DNA helicase unzips bonds in DNA. 1 strand acts as a template. RNA polymerase bonds free RNA nucleotides to complementary base pairs untol stop codon is reached. mRNA strand leaves through nuclear pore where it attaches to a ribosome where tRNA binds to amino acid chain until stop codon is reached

Question 39

What are the properties of tRNA?

Answer 39

Clover lead shape Contains anticodons

Question 40

Dear the structure of a protein

Question 41

What bonds are found in amino acids?

Answer 41

Peptide bonds

Question 42

What are the 4 structures of proteins?

Answer 42

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary

Question 43

What shapes are found in the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 43

Alpha helix or bets pleated sheets

Question 44

What 4 different bonds are found in the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 44

Hydrogen bonds Ionic bonds Disulfide bridges Hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions

Question 45

Outline the test for a protein

Answer 45

Add biuret solution to sample should go blue to purple

Question 46

Outline the test for a lipid

Answer 46

Add ethanol and water to sample and shake should go a cloudy white emulsion

Question 47

Outline the test for a reducing sugar

Answer 47

Add benedicts solution should go red to blue

Question 48

Outline the test for a non reducing sugar

Answer 48

Add benedicts solution and heat then add acid then alkali to neutralise should go red to blue

Question 49

Outline the test for starch

Answer 49

Add Iodine to solution should go blue black from orange