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biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

a reaction that breaks a chemical bond between 2 molecules and involves the use of a water molecules

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2
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

a reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water

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3
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A
  • maltose
  • lactose
  • sucrose
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4
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A
  • cellulose
  • starch
  • glycogen
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5
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
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6
Q

What are monomers?

A

small units which combine to make large chains (polymers)

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7
Q

Examples of monomers

A
  • monosaccharides
  • nucleotides
  • amino acids
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8
Q

What are polymers?

A

long chains of monomers

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9
Q

Examples of polymers

A
  • DNA
  • starch
  • proteins
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10
Q

What are the two major classes of lipids?

A

triglycerides and phospholipids

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11
Q

What are the components of triglycerides?

A
  • 3 fatty acids
  • glycerol
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12
Q

What are the components of a phospholipid?

A
  • 2 fatty acids
  • glycerol
  • phosphate group
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13
Q

What are the uses/functions of lipids?

A
  • protection
  • insulation
  • plasma membrane
  • waterproofing
  • storage of energy
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14
Q

Which part of a phospholipid is polar and hydrophilic?

A

the phosphate group

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15
Q

Which part of a triglyceride is non-polar and hydrophobic?

A

the whole molecule is non-polar and hydrophobic

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16
Q

Which part of a phospholipid is non-polar and hydrophobic?

A

the fatty acids

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17
Q

What type of bond joins the glycerol and fatty acids?

A

ester bond

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18
Q

What is the test and results for lipids?

A

ethanol & distilled water
cloudy-white

19
Q

Describe the tests for lipids

A
  1. take dry and grease-free test tube
  2. to 2cm^3 of sample being tested, add 5cm^3 of ethanol
  3. shake thoroughly to dissolve and lipids present in the sample
  4. add 5cm^3 of water and shake gently
  5. a cloudy-white colour indicates the presence of a liquid
20
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

a fatty acid that has no double bonds between carbons

21
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

a fatty acid that has double bonds between carbons

22
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A
  • enzymes
  • transport
  • movement
  • cell recognition
  • channels
23
Q

What are the bases in DNA?

A

A, T, C, G

24
Q

What are the bases in RNA?

A

A, U, C, G

25
Q

What are the purine bases?

A

adenine and guanine

26
Q

What are the pyrimidine bases?

A

thymine, cytosine, uracil (for RNA)

27
Q

What type of bond forms between a phosphate and a sugar?

A

phosphodiester

28
Q

How many bonds are between C and G?

A

3

29
Q

How many bonds are between A and T

A

2

30
Q

What type of bond forms between 2 nucleotides?

A

hydrogen

31
Q

What is ATP made out of?

A
  • 3 phosphates
  • ribose sugar
  • adenine
32
Q

What are nucleotides made out of (DNA)?

A
  • phosphate group
  • deoxyribose sugar
  • nitrogenous base
33
Q

Describe the structure of a DNA molecule

A
  • double helix with two polynucleotide chains
  • ## held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs
34
Q

What are the three types of RNA

A
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
35
Q

Why are phosphate ions important in the structure of DNA?

A
  • they create a super strong sugar-phosphate backbone along with the deoxyribose sugar
  • the phosphate acts as a binding agent
36
Q

Why is DNA replication called semi-conservative?

A
  • each new DNA molecule contains one of the original (parental) DNA strands, and one new (daughter) strand.
37
Q

What is ADP made out of?

A
  • adenine
  • ribose sugar
  • 2 phosphates
38
Q

Describe and explain the induced fit model

A
  • substrate enters an enzyme’s binding
  • enzyme alters its shape slightly (conformational change) to the substrate
  • ensures an ideal binding arrangement
  • so it maximises the ability of the enzyme to catalyse the substance.
39
Q

Explain the lock and key hypothesis

A
  • enzymes are globular and therefore have a very specific tertiary structure.
  • this means that they have a very specific active site which specific substrates bond to, being catalysed.
  • both enzyme and substrate are rigid structures.
40
Q

Which from the model/hypothesis is used today?

A

induced fit

41
Q

What are the two types of enzyme inhibiton?

A
  • competitive
  • non-competitive
42
Q

What is competitive enzyme inhibition?

A
43
Q

What is non-competitive enzyme inhibition?

A
44
Q
A

Biology (8 decks)

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