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biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

where does competitive inhibitor bind

A

at the active site

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2
Q

What does a sodium ion do?

A

It helps a molecule of glucose or amino acids be transported into a cell alongside sodium ions

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3
Q

describe how a peptide bond is formed between two amino acids to form a dipeptide

A

Condensation (reaction) / loss of water
Between amine / NH2 and carboxyl / COOH;

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4
Q

What are properties of lipids?

A

energy storage (tails contain a lot of energy)
insoluble in water ( doesnt affect water potential)

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5
Q

What is the test for starch?

A
  1. Add iodine dissolved in potassium iodide sample to a test tube

POSITIVE : dark blue/black
NEGATIVE : browny orange colour

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6
Q

Describe how the structure of cellulose makes it suitable for its function?

A
  • cellulose chains linked by hydrogen bonds -> strong fibres -> microfibrils
  • structural support
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7
Q

What is the difference between saturated fatty acids and unsaturated?

A

Saturated
- no double bonds between their carbon atoms
- saturated with hydrogen

Unsaturated
- double bonds between carbon atoms
-causes chain to kink

CAUSED BY DIFFERENCE IN HYDROCARBON TAIL (r group)

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8
Q

What type of reaction involves the breakage of a chemical bond between two monomers using water?

A

Hydrolysis

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9
Q

What is a dissacharride?

A

A disaccharide is when two monosaccharides join together through a condensation reaction

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10
Q

ATP can be resynthesized, what is the reaction?

A

Condensation reaction
Between ADP and Pi
Catalysed by ATP synthase
Happens during respiration and photosynthesis

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11
Q

what reaction links amino acids together?

A

condensation reactions by the release of a molecule of water

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12
Q

What is the role of iron ions?

A

The iron binds to the oxygen in haeomglobin

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13
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

They are the simplest sugars and the building blocks for carbohydrates

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14
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A small, basic molecular unit that can join to form polymers

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15
Q

What bond is formed between two monosaccharides

A

Glycosidic bond

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16
Q

what is a polypeptide?

A

when more than two amino acids join together

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17
Q

What does (alpha) glucose + glucose form

A

maltose

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18
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction between two monomers?

A

A chemical bond will be formed between the two monomers, releasing a molecule of water

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19
Q

What are examples of monomers?

A

monosaccharides
amino acids
nucleotides

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20
Q

What is the difference between lock and key and induced model?

A

Lock and key suggests active site and substrate are complementary but induced suggest the active site can change shape to fit any substrate

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21
Q

explain the effect of increasing enzyme concentration on the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction?

A

There are more enzyme molecules in a solution so the more likely a substrate molecule is to collide with an active site and form a complex until the substrate conc becomes a limiting factor

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22
Q

Are the tails hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic as they repel water

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23
Q

What ions are part of the haemglobin molecules?

A

Iron

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24
Q

what are the monomers of proteins?

A

amino acids

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25
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A polymer is a large complex molecule composed of long chains of monomers that are joined together

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26
Q

What is a monomer

A

A small, basic molecular unit that can join to form polymers

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27
Q

what are the parts of an enzyme and what binds?

A

The enzyme contains an ACTIVE SITE where the SUBSTRATE binds to

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28
Q

what is the tertiary structure?

A

the type of bond formed :

  • hydrogen
  • ionic
  • disulfide bridges
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29
Q

What are phospholipids?

A
  • found in cell membranes
  • compound lipids
  • ONE fatty acid REPLACED by a phosphate group
  • phosphate group is HYDROPHILIC and tails HYDROPHOBIC
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30
Q

Is starch insoluble or soluble?

A

Insoluble

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31
Q

What is the main energy storage material in PLANTS and ANIMALS?

A

Starch
Glycogen

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32
Q

Give three examples of monosaccharides?

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

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33
Q

what are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts that speed up the rate of a reaction

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34
Q

what is the activation energy?

A

this is the certain amount of energy that needs to be supplied to the chemicals before the reaction has started

this means reactions can happen at a lower temperature so it speeds the rate of reaction

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35
Q

What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?

A

Amylose (alpha glucose) :
- long
- unbrached
- coiled
- compact

Amylopectin ( alpha glucose)
- long
- branched (allow enzymes that break down the molecule to get at the glycosidic bond easily -> GLUCOSE RELEASED QUICKLY)

36
Q

explain how the shape of structural proteins make them specialised for their function?

A

the long polypeptide chains lay parallel to one another with cross links inbetween which makes them strong

37
Q

what is the test for proteins?

A

add drops of sodium hydroxide to make the solution alkaline
add some copper II sulfate solution
POSITIVE : Purple
NEGATIVE : Blue

38
Q

What does glucose + galactose form?

A

Lactose

39
Q

What is an inorganic ion?

A

An ion that has an electrical charge BUT does not contain carbon

40
Q

what are the bases in dna?

A

adenine
guanine
thymine
cytosine

41
Q

Are lipids soluble or insoluble in water?

A

insoluble

42
Q

Why is starch good for storage?

A

It is insoluble so it will not affect water potential and lead to swelling

43
Q

What is the emulsion test for lipids?

A

1) shake test substance with ethanol
2) Pour solution in water

POSITIVE : milky emulsion

44
Q

why does an increase in temperature increase the rate of enzyme activity

A

the molecules have more kinetic energy so they move around faster which make the substrate molecules more likely to collide with the enzymes active site

45
Q

what is the bond called that forms between amino acids

A

peptide

46
Q

Name the type of monomer that makes up a polysaccharide?

A

monosaccharide

47
Q

What are triglycerides made of?

A

One molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acid tails attached

48
Q

Water has a high latent heat of vaporisation. What does this mean?

A

It takes water alot of energy to break the hydrogen bonds between the molecules so alot of energy is used up when water evaporates

This can allow the organism to cool down

49
Q

what is the structure of a nucleotide?

A

phosphate group on the 5 carbon attached to pentose (deoxyribose) on the 4 carbon atom with a nitrogeouns base on the 1 carbon atom

50
Q

where does a non competive inhibitor bind?

A

away from active site

51
Q

what are the properties that make water important for organisms

A
  1. A metabolite in condensation/hydrolysis/ photosynthesis/respiration
  2. A solvent so (metabolic) reactions can occur
  3. A solvent so allowing transport of substances;
  4. High (specific) heat capacity so buffers changes in temperature;
  5. Large latent heat of vaporisation so provides a cooling effect (through evaporation);
  6. Cohesion (between water molecules) so supports columns of water (in plants);
52
Q

How do triglycerides form and what bond is created?

A
  • condensation reactions causing fatty acids joining to glycerol molecule
  • ester bonds (releasing a molecule of water)
53
Q

describe the differences between the structure of cellulose and glycogen

A
  1. Cellulose is made up of β-glucose (monomers) and glycogen is made up of α-glucose (monomers);
  2. Cellulose molecule has straight chain and glycogen is branched;
  3. Cellulose molecule has straight chain and glycogen is coiled;
  4. glycogen has 1,4- and 1,6- glycosidic bonds and cellulose has only 1,4- glycosidic bonds;
54
Q

What is the structure of atp?

A

Adenine —– ribose —- p–p–p

55
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer?

A
  • Phospholipids heads are hydrophilic and tails hydrophobic
  • bilayer is hydrophobic so water substances cant pass easily
  • contains cholesterol for rigidity
  • carrier and channel proteins
56
Q

what is the quaternary structure?

A

the way the polypeptide chains are assembled together

eg haemoglobin, insulin, collagen

57
Q

how does a high temperature stop the enzyme from working?

A

the enzymes vibrate more which can break the bonds so the active site changes shape
-> substrate can no longer bind

58
Q

how is ATP a suitable energy source for cells to use

A
  1. Releases relatively small amount of energy / little energy lost as heat;
  2. Releases energy instantaneously;
  3. Phosphorylates other compounds, making them more reactive;
  4. Can be rapidly re-synthesised;
  5. Is not lost from / does not leave cells.
59
Q

what is ATP broken down into and what is the reaction ?

A

ADP and Pi
Hydrolysis
Phosphate bond is broken and energy is released
Catalysed by ATP hydrolase

60
Q

what is the function of dna?

A

store genetic information

61
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Attraction between water molecules of the same type so they stick together

62
Q

Where are inorganic ions found?

A

solution of cytoplasm
body fluids of organisms

63
Q

Why is cohesion between water molecules important in plants?

A

It helps the water to flow eg how water travels in columns up the xylem

64
Q

what does the enzymes involved in dna replication do?

A

dna helicase - unwinds the strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds
dna polymerase - synthesises formation of new strand in the 3’ end by adding nucleotides so it is made in the 5’ to 3’ direction

65
Q

Name two reactions water is involved in?

A

Metabolite in metablic reazctions such as condensation and hydrolysis

66
Q

Why does water have a high specific heat capacity?

A

It takes a lot of energy to heat it up and break the hydrogen bonds so it can act as a buffer to changes in temperature

67
Q

how do the nucleotides join up?

A

through a condensation reaction between phosphate of one group and sugar of another

68
Q

What is semi conservative replication of dna?

A

half of the new strands of dna are made from the original molecule of dna

69
Q

How can the released inorganic phosphate be put to use?

A

phosphorylation - added to another compound to make it more reactive

70
Q

what are the difference between dna and rna?

A

dna is double stranded v rna single stranded
dna contains deoxyribose sugar v rna ribose sugar
dna contains ATCG v rna AUCG
dna is long v rna short

71
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphates

72
Q

What is a metabolite?

A

A substance involved in a metabolic (chemical reaction that happens in a living organisms) reaction

73
Q

Why is water a good solvent?

A

Waters polarity means that it can take up useful substances eg mineral ions dissolved in water and therefore dissolved around the body

74
Q

Name the ion linked to pH and how does it affect concentration of ph?

A

Hydrogen (the more H+, the lower the ph)

75
Q

what is the function of rna ?

A

transfer genetic information from dna to ribosomes

76
Q

what are the stages of dna replication?

A
  1. DNA Helicase causes the unwinding of the strands
    2.Complementary base pairing means free floating DNA nucleotides are attracted to their complementary bases on the original strand
  2. DNA polymerase joins nucleotides through condensation reaction
    each new DNA molecule is made from original molecule and new strand
77
Q

what is at 3’ and 5’ end of the dna strands

A

The 3’ has a hydroxyl group (OH) attached and the 5’ there is a phosphate group attached

78
Q

What are the functions of phosphate ions?

A
  • DNA, RNA AND ATP contain phosphate groups
  • The phosphate groups between DNA and RNA allow nucleotides to join up to form polynucleotides
79
Q

what caused scientists to doubt that dna carried the genetic code?

A

dna has a simple chemical composition

80
Q

what bond forms between the phosphate groups?

A

phosphodiester bond

81
Q

structure of alpha and beta glucose?

A

alpha - H at top and OH at bottom
beta - OH at top and H at bottom

82
Q

what is the secondary structure?

A

formation of hydrogen bonds between the amino acids so it would either coil into ALPHA HELIX or BETA PLEATED SHEET

83
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein?

A

sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

84
Q

What does glucose + fructose form

A

Sucrose

85
Q

what reaction links amino acids together?

A

condensation reactions by the release of a molecule of water

biology year 1 (7 decks)

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