Biological Molecules

Question 1

CHON, aqueous environment, temperatures

Answer 1

Organic compounds

Question 2

Carbon is not directly bonded to carbon or hydrogen,example Carbon dioxide.

Answer 2

Inorganic compounds

Question 3

Why are organic compounds important?

Answer 3

1) constitute structures
2) participate and regulate metabolic reactions
3) transmit information
4) provide energy

Question 4

Releasing water to build bonds

Answer 4

Condensation reactions

Question 5

Adding water to break bonds

Answer 5

Hydrolytic reactions

Question 6

The 5 polysaccharides/carbohydrates

Answer 6

Sugars, starches and glycogen, cellulose and chitin.

Question 7

What are the energy sources?

Answer 7

Sugars and starches

Question 8

What are the structural components?

Answer 8

Cellulose and chitin

Question 9

Carbohydrates are composed of sugar units called?

Answer 9

Saccharides

Question 10

What is the most abundant monosaccharide and describe its structure?

Answer 10

Glucose, a ring of 5 carbon and 1 oxygen atom (carbon 6 not in the ring), to each carbon a H and OH is attached.

Question 11

The two isomers of glucose?

Answer 11

Alpha-glucose (down) and beta-glucose (up)

Question 12

How are monosaccharides joined together?

Answer 12

Via glycosidic bonds (1-4 or 1-6 for branches).

Question 13

Sucrose

Answer 13

[ 1 glucose+1 fructose]
Common table sugar
Enzyme: invertase

Question 14

Maltose

Answer 14

[glucose]
By-product of starch hydrolysis
Enzyme: Maltase

Question 15

Lactose

Answer 15

[ 1 glucose + 1 galactose]
Enzyme: lactase
Enzyme in bacteria: beta-galactosidase

Question 16

Homopolysaccharides

Answer 16

Polymers composed of a single type of sugar monomer, glucans and mannans

Question 17

Hetropolysaccharides

Answer 17

Polymers composed of more than one type of monosaccharides, hyaluronic acid.

Question 18

Energy storage in plants, energy source in animals, broken by gut enzymes.

Answer 18

Starch

Question 19

Human storage equivalent, more branched and water soluble, stored in liver and muscle cells.

Answer 19

Glycogen

Question 20

Starch is a mixture of 2 glucose homopolymers?

Answer 20

1) alpha-amylose- unbranched and forms micelles.
2) amylopectin-branched with a backbone of 1-4 branch points (1-6)

Question 21

Amyloplasts

Answer 21

Found in plant cells, responsible for synthesis and storage of starch granules through glucose polymerization. Convert starch to sugar when needed.

Question 22

Hydrolysis of starch amylose is done by 2 enzymes

Answer 22

Alpha-amylase: saliva and pancreatic juices, produces glucose and maltose.
Beta-amylase: malt - yeasts, mounds, bacteria; produces maltose

Question 23

Amylases degrade Amylopectin, but cannot break branches:

Answer 23

Products: dextrin and limit dextrin, needs isomaltase to fully degrade.

Question 24

Most abundant carbohydrate’s bond cannot be broken down by enzymes.

Answer 24

Cellulose has beta - (1-4) glycosidic linkages.it only provides fiber in diets. Glucose is also rotated 180°

Question 25

Main component in cell wall of fungi

Answer 25

Chitin, which das NH2 instead of OH