Biological Molecules

Question 1

What are the 4 organic compounds in biomolecules?

Answer 1

1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic acids

Question 2

Compounds that are based mainly on carbon compounds (CHON), occur in aqueous environments, have a narrow range of temperatures, covalent bonds.

Answer 2

Organic compounds

Question 3

Very simple carbon compounds are considered _____________if carbon is not bonded to another Carbon or Hydrogen. e.g. Carbon dioxide

Answer 3

Inorganic compounds

Question 4

Why are organic compounds important?

Answer 4

1. Constitute the structures of cells and tissues.
2. Participate and regulate metabolic reactions.
3. Transmits information.
4. Provide energy for life.

Question 5

Combine to form functional units such as Polysaccharides (Carbohydrates), Proteins and nucleic acids

Answer 5

Monomers

Question 6

Produced by covalently linking monomers.

Answer 6

Polymers

Question 7

Release water when linking monomers

Answer 7

Condensation reactions

Question 8

Addition of water to break bonds

Answer 8

Hydrolytic reactions

Question 9

What is composed of a ratio of 1C:2H:1O?

Answer 9

Carbohydrates

Question 10

Carbohydrates include:

Answer 10

Sugars and starches/glycogen (Energy sources) and cellulose and chitin (Structural components)

Question 11

What are saccharides?

Answer 11

Sugar units

Question 12

One sugar unit? Example?

Answer 12

Monosaccharides, Glucose

Question 13

Two sugar units? Example?

Answer 13

Disacharides, Sucrose/Maltose/Lactose

Question 14

Many sugar units? Example?

Answer 14

Polysaccharides, glycogen and starch.

Question 15

What is the most abundant monosaccharide? And describe its structure.

Answer 15

Glucose, C6H12O6.
A ring of 5 carbon and 1 oxygen atom, 1-5C is in the ring, while 6C is outside. Each carbon is attached to a hydrogen and a hydroxyl group (OH).

Question 16

The two isomers of Glucose and their differences?

Answer 16

alpha (down OH) and beta glucose (up OH).

Question 17

How are monosaccharides joined together?

Answer 17

via glycosidic bonds or o-glycosidic bonds
alpha(1-4), or (1-6) for branches, with a central oxygen.

Question 18

Maltose

Answer 18

2 alpha-glucose molecules
Glucose-alpha(1-4)-glucose
enzyme: maltase
by product of starch

Question 19

Lactose

Answer 19

1 Glucose + 1 Galactose
Galactose-beta(1-4)-glucose
enzyme: lactase or beta-galactosidase in bacteria.
Lactose intolerant people lack this enzyme.

Question 20

Sucrose

Answer 20

1 Glucose + 1 Fructose
Glucose-alpha(1-2)-fructose
enzyme: invertase
common table sugar extracted from beet or cane.

Question 21

What are the most abundant carbohydrates in nature?

Answer 21

Polysaccharides; starches, glycogen, cellulose, chitin.

Question 22

Homopolysaccharides

Answer 22

are polymers composed of a single type of sugar monomer.
Ex: glucans and mannans

Question 23

Heteropolysaccharides

Answer 23

are polymers composed of more than one type of monosaccharide.
Ex: Hyaluronic acid in joint synovial fluid